ArticleDevelopmental medicine and child neurology2025
International consensus definitions for infection-triggered encephalopathy syndromes.
Article in Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Influenza-related Deaths in Young Children: Observations From a German Case Series.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- What is the impact of childhood-onset disability research - and what should it be?Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
- Infection-triggered encephalopathy syndromes: a meta-analysis of clinical characteristics and outcomes in 1946 cases.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- [Clinical features and prognosis of influenza-associated encephalopathy in children].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Critically Ill Children with Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Single-Center Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Neurological and neurodevelopmental effects of Covid and MIS-C on children.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Article
- Adjunctive remote ischaemic postconditioning and hypothermia therapy in acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Severity Score in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2026Article
- Nationwide Analysis of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Encephalitis-Related Diagnoses in Ecuador.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Infection-triggered encephalopathy syndrome in children: a neuroimaging perspective.Pediatric radiology · 2026Review
- The genetic driver of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy, RANBP2, regulates the inflammatory response to Influenza A virus infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Life-Threatening SARS-CoV-2-Associated Encephalopathy and Multiorgan Failure in Children, Asia and Oceania, 2022-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Review
- High-dose methylprednisolone and tocilizumab improve survival of patients with high-risk pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- A case of recurrent RESLES type I: analysis of pathogenic factors and delayed imaging manifestations.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Acute leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion (ALERD) in a toddler: A diagnostic challenge unmasking hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type 4.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Fatal hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis following VZV reactivation in an immunocompetent host: a case report.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Acute Encephalopathy with Biphasic Seizures and Restricted Diffusion vs. Acute Leucoencephalopathy with Restricted Diffusion - What is in a Name?Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2025Article
- Intrathecal dexamethasone for pediatric influenza-associated acute necrotizing encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Pediatric Influenza-Associated Encephalopathy and Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy - United States, 2024-25 Influenza Season.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2025Article
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18 authors.
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Abstract
aimTo develop standardized diagnostic criteria for 'infection-triggered encephalopathy syndrome (ITES)' and five specific clinical syndromes of ITES.
methodThe draft definitions were based on existing criteria, standardized, and discussed by a panel of international experts using nominal group technique over 18 months to achieve consensus. All criteria use the same format: (1) presence of infection/fever; (2) clinical features including encephalopathy; (3) neuroradiological features on magnetic resonance imaging; (4) exclusion of other causes.
resultsWe first highlighted differences between ITES and infectious and autoimmune encephalitis, which is the most important differential diagnosis. Consensus was achieved to define five specific ITESs: acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion; acute necrotizing encephalopathy; mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion; acute fulminant cerebral oedema; and acute shock with encephalopathy and multiorgan failure. Two further conditions that are currently classified as epilepsy syndromes but have similar features to ITES, namely febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome and hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome, are also discussed.
interpretationThe consensus definition is expected to improve awareness of this disease concept, provide diagnostic framework, and facilitate future international research and clinical trials.
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