ArticleBMC ophthalmology2024
A clearer vision: unveiling the importance of cycloplegic refraction and the pseudomyopia prevalence in Chinese preschoolers.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Operationalizing a minimal-metric school screening pathway: using non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent as a first-stage triage metric for hyperopia-reserve insufficiency in Chinese schoolchildren.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
- Characterisation and risk factors of astigmatism among children and adolescents aged 3-20 years in Northwestern China.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Assessing the reliability of non-cycloplegic refraction in children: a machine learning approach based on non-cycloplegic parameters.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Refractive Error Patterns and the Impact of Cycloplegia in Ametropic Children and Adolescents in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.Clinical optometry · 2026Article
- Age-Related Clinical Agreement Between Noncycloplegic Autorefraction and Subjective Refraction: A Power-Vector Analysis.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin and surgery in managing acute acquired comitant esotropia.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2025Article
- Impact of physical indicators on ocular development in preschool children.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to investigate the difference between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction and evaluate the pseudomyopia prevalence in Chinese preschool children during the outbreak of COVID-19.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tongzhou District of Beijing, China. Refractive error was measured under both noncycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions with autorefraction. The difference between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and pseudomyopia prevalence were analyzed. Pseudomyopia was defined as SER ≤-0.50D in precycloplegic assessments and >-0.50D in post-cycloplegic assessments.
resultsOut of the 1487 participants who were enrolled in the study, 1471 individuals (98.92%) between the ages of 3-6 years completed all required procedures. A statistically significant difference in refraction was observed between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic measurements, the median of difference in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of 0.88D (dioptre)(0.50,1.38). There was a high intraclass correlation (ICC) between these two methods for cylinders (ICC = 0.864; 95% CI, 0.850-0.877). The median DSE for myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia were 0.25D (0.00, 0.38),0.25D (0.06, 0.50) and 1.00D (0.62, 1.38), an hypermetropes showed considerably greater differences than myopes and emmetropes (Kruskal-Wallis test, H = 231.023, P = 0.000). Additionally, girls displayed a greater DSE than boys. Furthermore, when comparing against-the-rule (ATR) and oblique astigmatism, it was found that with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism had the largest DSE. The study found varying prevalence rates of myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia with and without cycloplegia, which were 1.90% vs. 10.06%, 11.49% vs. 50.31%, and 86.61% vs. 39.63%, respectively. Additionally, the overall prevalence of pseudomyopia was determined to be 8.29%. Participants with pseudomyopia had a significantly higher mean difference in SER (DSE) compared to non-pseudomyopic participants.
conclusionsCycloplegic refraction is more sensitive than a noncycloplegic one for measuring refractive error in preschool children. Pseudomyopia is prevalent in preschool children during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Our study indicates the possibility that cycloplegic refraction should be performed in preschool children routinely.
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