ArticleTobacco control2025
Supply and demand effects between tobacco retailer density and smoking prevalence.
Article in Tobacco control, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessing the causal effect of tobacco retail density on cardiovascular and pulmonary disease hospitalizations in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Modelling how age-restricted location policies would impact tobacco retailer density in four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina and Ohio.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Feasibility and Impact of Local Retail Tobacco Policy in the United States: Views From Research and Practice.Health promotion practice · 2026Article
- The interaction of tobacco retailer density and rurality with tobacco use prevalence in Kentucky.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Residential Segregation and Epigenetic Age Acceleration Among Older-Age Black and White Americans.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePlaces with more tobacco retailers have higher smoking prevalence levels, but whether this is because retailers locate where people who smoke live or whether tobacco availability prompts tobacco use is unknown. In this study, we compare the role of consumer demand with that of tobacco supply in longitudinal, area-based associations of tobacco retailer density with smoking prevalence.
methodsWe merged annual adult smoking prevalence estimates derived from the USA Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System data with annual county estimates of tobacco retailer density calculated from the National Establishment Time Series data for 3080 counties between 2000 and 2010. We analysed relationships between retailer density and smoking in 3080 counties, using random intercept cross-lagged panel models and employing two measures of tobacco retailer density capturing the number of likely tobacco retailers in a county divided by either the population or land area.
resultsBoth density models provided evidence of significant demand and supply effects; in the population-based model, the association of smoking prevalence in 1 year with tobacco retailer density in the next year (standardised coefficient=0.038, p<0.01) was about double the association between tobacco retailer density with subsequent smoking prevalence (0.017, p<0.01). The reverse was true in the land area-based model, where the supply effect (0.042, p<0.01) was more than 10 times stronger than the demand effect (0.003, p<0.01).
conclusionsPolicies that restrict access to retail tobacco have the potential to reduce smoking prevalence, but pairing such policies with interventions to reduce consumer demand remains important.
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