ReviewThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2024
The panzootic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sublineage 2.3.4.4b: a critical appraisal of One Health preparedness and prevention.
Review in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed.
- Detection of Divergent Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus, São Paulo, Brazil, 2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Quadruplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection and subtyping of avian influenza viruses and avian coronaviruses.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Production-Type-Specific Spatial and Space-Time Clustering of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Layer and Duck Farms in the Republic of Korea, 2020-2026.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Multimodal Data Approaches for Examining the 2024-2025 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States: Descriptive Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Novel Reassortant H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses from Backyard Poultry in Mexico.Viruses · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis of H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in dry Jersey cows following intramammary inoculation shows within-host compartmentalization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Potent efficacy of an NA-targeting antibody against a broad spectrum of H5N1 influenza viruses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A multidisciplinary approach to the detection of and response to West Nile virus in the Netherlands between 2020 and 2023: best practices, challenges and opportunities.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Evolution of H5N1 Cross-Species Transmission: Adaptive Mutations Driving Avian-to-Human Infection.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Vaccination against H5 HP avian influenza virus leads to persistent immune response in wild king penguins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Assessing HPAI-H5 transmission risk across wild bird migratory flyways in the United States.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Avian Influenza Viruses: Global Panzootic, Host Range Expansion and Emerging One-Health Threats.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Evaluating Potential Deployment Strategies for Oral Delivery of Vaccines for Cervids.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Harnessing Medical Bioethics Mediation to Advance One Health Governance.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza: a One Health perspective on risks, surveillance, and resilience.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from birds in China replicate effectively in bovine cells and pose potential public health risk.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Current status of H5N1 influenza vaccines against clade 2.3.4.4b of H5N1.New microbes and new infections · 2025Article
- Dominant substitutions underlying the antigenic evolution of H5 influenza virus.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Natural infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds between 2020 and 2023 in the UK: a retrospective study with focus on microscopic lesions, viral distribution and neurotropism.Veterinary research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Changes in the epidemiology and ecology of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza are devastating wild bird and poultry populations, farms and communities, and wild mammals worldwide. Having originated in farmed poultry, H5N1 viruses are now spread globally by wild birds, with transmission to many mammal and avian species, resulting in 2024 in transmission among dairy cattle with associated human cases. These ecological changes pose challenges to mitigating the impacts of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza on wildlife, ecosystems, domestic animals, food security, and humans. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza highlights the need for One Health approaches to pandemic prevention and preparedness, emphasising multisectoral collaborations among animal, environmental, and public health sectors. Action is needed to reduce future pandemic risks by preventing transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza among domestic and wild animals and people, focusing on upstream drivers of outbreaks, and ensuring rapid responses and risk assessments for zoonotic outbreaks. Political commitment and sustainable funding are crucial to implementing and maintaining prevention programmes, surveillance, and outbreak responses.
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