ArticleChild development
Interactions of gender inequality and parental discipline predicting child aggression in low- and middle-income countries.
Article in Child development. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between concurrence of risk factors and intimate partner violence against women: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys in 53 low- and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- How does context shape differences and changes in caregivers' engagement in psychosocial stimulation over time? Evidence from a cross-national study.International journal of behavioral development · 2025Article
- Unpacking socio-demographic predictors of child aggression: insights from a Saudi Arabian context from parents' and caregivers' perspectives.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Interactions of gender inequality and parental discipline predicting child aggression in low- and middle-income countries.Child developmentArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately at risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Parental discipline can promote and hinder child outcomes; however, little research examines how discipline interacts with contextual factors to predict child outcomes in LMICs. Using data from 208,156 households with children between 36 and 59 months (50.5% male) across 63 countries, this study examined whether interactions between gender inequality and discipline (shouting, spanking, beating, and verbal reasoning) predicted child aggression. Results showed aggression was higher in countries with high gender inequality, and associations between discipline and child aggression were weaker in countries where gender inequality was higher. Improvements in country-level gender parity, in addition to parenting, will be necessary to promote positive child outcomes in LMICs.
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