ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Chemotherapeutic Potential of Chlorambucil-Platinum(IV) Prodrugs against Cisplatin-Resistant Colorectal Cancer Cells.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chemotherapeutic Potential of Fluorouracil-Platinum (IV) Prodrugs Against Cisplatin-Resistant Colorectal Cancer Cells.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Dual acting oxaliplatin (IV) prodrug loaded albumin nanoparticles for safer synergistic anticancer action against triple negative breast cancer.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Bifunctional Oxaliplatin (IV) Prodrug Based pH-Sensitive PEGylated Liposomes for Synergistic Anticancer Action Against Triple Negative Breast cancer.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorambucil-platinum(IV) prodrugs exhibit multi-mechanistic chemotherapeutic activity with promising anticancer potential. The platinum(II) precursors of the prodrugs have been previously found to induce changes in the microtubule cytoskeleton, specifically actin and tubulin of HT29 colon cells, while chlorambucil alkylates the DNA. These prodrugs demonstrate significant anticancer activity in 2D cell and 3D spheroid viability assays. A notable production of reactive oxygen species has been observed in HT29 cells 72 h post treatment with prodrugs of this type, while the mitochondrial membrane potential was substantially reduced. The cellular uptake of the chlorambucil-platinum(IV) prodrugs, assessed by ICP-MS, confirmed that active transport was the primary uptake mechanism, with platinum localisation identified primarily in the cytoskeletal fraction. Apoptosis and necrosis were observed at 72 h of treatment as demonstrated by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay using flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence measured via confocal microscopy showed significant changes in actin and tubulin intensity and in architecture. Western blot analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway apoptotic markers, microtubule cytoskeleton markers, cell proliferation markers, as well as autophagy markers were studied post 72 h of treatment. The proteomic profile was also studied with a total of 1859 HT29 proteins quantified by mass spectroscopy, with several dysregulated proteins. Network analysis revealed dysregulation in transcription, MAPK markers, microtubule-associated proteins and mitochondrial transport dysfunction. This study confirms that chlorambucil-platinum(IV) prodrugs are candidates with promising anticancer potential that act as multi-mechanistic chemotherapeutics.
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