ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
The Dual Faces of Oestrogen: The Impact of Exogenous Oestrogen on the Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions of Tissues and Organs.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Environmental endocrine disruptors and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls, with emerging evidence on PFAS, phthalates, and bisphenols.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Harnessing the neuroprotective potential of estrogen in Parkinson's disease: an insight into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- The Gut-Vagina Axis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- cGAS-STING Signaling as a Molecular Bridge Between Inflammation, Ovarian Ageing, and Reproductive Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Effect of locally transplanted bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells on the lingual filiform and fungiform papillae of ovariectomized albino rat model.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Intersecting Roles of Estrogens and Neutrophils in Modulating Innate Immunity in Cancer.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Long-term tamoxifen impacts the ovary but not preimplantation embryo development†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic-uterine-ovarian interactions and flushing therapy in dairy cows: a narrative review.Veterinary world · 2026Review
- The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in ovarian development, function, xenobiotic metabolism, and disease†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Review
- Double jeopardy: howFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer: Important role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and new therapeutic strategies.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Integrative network toxicology, transcriptomic, and molecular docking approaches to elucidate the toxicity and mechanisms of bisphenol A in stroke.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Article
- The impact of catalpol on osteogenic differentiation of the jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the basis of network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Review
- Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Benefits of aromatase blockers for increased testosterone in poultry: A mini-review.Veterinary world · 2025Review
- The Pathophysiology of Sex Differences in Stroke Risk and Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- AhR and STAT3: A Dangerous Duo in Chemical Carcinogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Hormone replacement therapy in surgical menopause after gynecological malignancies.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Review
- Investigating the potential mechanism of bisphenols on neurodegeneration through network toxicology and molecular docking.NAM journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Oestrogen plays a crucial physiological role in both women and men. It regulates reproductive functions and maintains various non-reproductive tissues through its receptors, such as oestrogen receptor 1/oestrogen receptor α (ESR1/Erα), oestrogen receptor 2/oestrogen receptor β (ESR2/Erβ), and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER). This hormone is essential for the proper functioning of women's ovaries and uterus. Oestrogen supports testicular function and spermatogenesis in men and contributes to bone density, cardiovascular health, and metabolic processes in both sexes. Nuclear receptors Er-α and Er-β belong to the group of transcription activators that stimulate cell proliferation. In the environment, compounds similar in structure to the oestrogens compete with endogenous hormones for binding sites to receptors and to disrupt homeostasis. The lack of balance in oestrogen levels can lead to infertility, cancer, immunological disorders, and other conditions. Exogenous endocrine-active compounds, such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and organic phosphoric acid esters, can disrupt signalling pathways responsible for cell division and apoptosis processes. The metabolism of oestrogen and its structurally similar compounds can produce carcinogenic substances. It can also stimulate the growth of cancer cells by regulating genes crucial for cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, with long-term elevated levels linked to hormone-dependent cancers such as breast cancer. Oestrogens can also affect markers of immunological activation and contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. Hormone replacement therapy, oral contraception, in vitro fertilisation stimulation, and hormonal stimulation of transgender people can increase the risk of breast cancer. Cortisol, similar in structure to oestrogen, can serve as a biomarker associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. The aim of this review is to analyse the sources of oestrogens and their effects on the endogenous and exogenous process of homeostasis.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.