ArticleThe Journal of infection2024
Prevalence, risk factors and characterisation of individuals with long COVID using Electronic Health Records in over 1.5 million COVID cases in England.
Article in The Journal of infection, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Differences in diagnostic coding in long COVID: sociodemographic and symptom interference factors.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Multimorbidity patterns and phenotype transitions in patients with clinician-coded long COVID: a multicenter US electronic health record cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Characteristics, all-cause healthcare resource utilisation, and costs among high-risk adults with long COVID during Omicron predominance, 2022-2023: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Socio-Demographic Inequalities in COVID-19 Health Care Access and Experiences in the United Kingdom: Intersectional and Mixed-Methods Analyses of Open and Closed Questions in a Prospective Cohort Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Long COVID Persistence and Surveillance Gaps Across 58 US Hospitals.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Estimating the risk of post-COVID condition in deprived communities, migrants and ethnic minorities in England: findings from Virus Watch-a prospective community cohort study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Association Between Obesity and Post-COVID-19 Condition in Military Conscripts.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Prepandemic Risk Factors for Disabling Long COVID: A Prospective Cohort Analysis.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Assessment of Nociception and Inflammatory/Tissue Damage Biomarkers in a Post-COVID-19 Animal Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Long COVID and the kidney.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Pre-pandemic diabetes and risk of long COVID: longitudinal evidence.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids From Fish Are Associated With Better Healthy Aging Indicators: Results of the DIAPELH Study.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025Article
- Clinical and Symptom Profiles of Long-COVID Patients in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pre-pandemic disease trajectories and genetic insights into long COVID susceptibility.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Persistent pain and brain fog after COVID-19 infection in European adults aged 50 and over: a population-based longitudinal study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Validation of a Questionnaire on the Post-COVID-19 Condition (Long COVID): A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Follow-up of long COVID based on the definition of WHO: a multi-centre cross-sectional questionnaire-based study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Exploring Long Covid Prevalence and Patient Uncertainty by Sociodemographic Characteristics Using GP Patient Survey Data.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study examines clinically confirmed long-COVID symptoms and diagnosis among individuals with COVID in England, aiming to understand prevalence and associated risk factors using electronic health records. To further understand long COVID, the study also explored differences in risks and symptom profiles in three subgroups: hospitalised, non-hospitalised, and untreated COVID cases.
methodsA population-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted using data from 1,554,040 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection via Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Descriptive statistics explored the prevalence of long COVID symptoms 12 weeks post-infection, and Cox regression models analysed the associated risk factors. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the impact of right-censoring data.
resultsDuring an average 400-day follow-up, 7.4% of individuals with COVID had at least one long-COVID symptom after acute phase, yet only 0.5% had long-COVID diagnostic codes. The most common long-COVID symptoms included cough (17.7%), back pain (15.2%), stomach-ache (11.2%), headache (11.1%), and sore throat (10.0%). The same trend was observed in all three subgroups. Risk factors associated with long-COVID symptoms were female sex, non-white ethnicity, obesity, and pre-existing medical conditions like anxiety, depression, type II diabetes, and somatic symptom disorders.
conclusionsThis study is the first to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of clinically confirmed long-COVID in the general population. The findings could help clinicians identify higher risk individuals for timely intervention and allow decision-makers to more efficiently allocate resources for managing long-COVID.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.