Enhancing Bioactivity and Mechanical Properties of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Derived from Oyster Shells through Hydrothermal Synthesis.

Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) demonstrates favorable biological activity, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteoconductivity, making it highly valuable in biomedicine. It is extensively used as a bone substitute and in bone transplantation within the dental and orthopedic fields. This study employed oyster shells as a calcium source to synthesize nHA at 150 °C with various hydrothermal reaction durations (10 min, 1 h, 6 h, and 12 h). As a control, HA synthesized via a wet precipitation method for 1 h at room temperature was utilized. Subsequent material analyses, including XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, and ICP-MS, were conducted, followed by comprehensive evaluations of the bioactivity, cell attachment, cell proliferation, and sintering properties of the synthesized nHA. The results indicated that nHA synthesized through the hydrothermal reaction produced nanoscale crystals, with the aspect ratio of nHA particles increasing with the duration of hydrothermal treatment. Notably, rod-like nHA particles became prominent with hydrothermal durations exceeding 6 h. nHA particles derived from oyster shells contained carbonate and trace elements (Na, Mg, K, and Sr), similar to constituents found in human hard tissue such as bone and teeth. The immersion of nHA synthesized at 150 °C for 1 h (HT2) in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 d led to the formation of a bone-like apatite layer on the surface, indicating the excellent bioactivity of the synthesized nHA. The cell culture results revealed superior cell attachment and proliferation for nHA (HT2). Following the sequential formation and sintering at 1200 °C for 4 h, HT2 ceramics exhibited enhanced microhardness (5.65 GPa) and fracture toughness (1.23 MPa·m