Trial reportEuropean journal of orthodontics2024
The effect of early childhood non-nutritive sucking behavior including pacifiers on malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in European journal of orthodontics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01854502 (Organizing Family-based Health Promotion for Young Children in Public Dental Service), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Organizing Family-based Health Promotion for Young Children in Public Dental Service
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between Non-nutritive sucking habits and Anterior open bite: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Four years of free orthodontic care for vulnerable children: a community case study from the Caritas Dental Clinic in Rome.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
- Pacifier Usage Among Saudi Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pacifier Use and Its Influence on Pediatric Malocclusion: A Scoping Review of Emerging Evidence and Developmental Impacts.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
- Influence of pacifier design on pacifier-palate contact: a finite element analysis.Head & face medicine · 2025Article
- Effect of different pacifier designs on orofacial tissues: a computational simulation comparative study.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background/rationaleSystematic reviews on the effects of pacifiers on occlusion have highlighted the need for quality RCTs. TRIAL
designSingle region, three parallel-armed, prospective, randomized controlled trial.
objectivesTo investigate the correlations between early childhood non-nutritive sucking habits and malocclusion. Specifically to test whether the use of a study pacifier has differing effects compared to other pacifiers and control, and whether the duration of pacifier use or digit sucking influence the occlusion.
participantsThe subjects were firstborn children, born in 2008 in Vantaa, Finland.
interventionOne-third of participants were offered study pacifiers, free of charge, from birth up to 2 years of age. The history of the subjects' sucking habits, including pacifier use was screened in a questionnaire at the age of 2 years, and clinical examinations were performed at the age of 7 years. In addition, the subjects were divided into groups that were equally matched regarding their mother's level of education. OUTCOMES: Posterior crossbite, anterior crossbite, overjet, deep bite, open bite, and crowding. RANDOMIZATION
methodThree districts were randomly allocated to three study groups by drawing lots. BLINDING: It was not possible to blind the clinicians or parents from the intervention. Blinding during data analysis was performed.
resultsFrom the original cohort of 2715 children born in the town of Vantaa, 1911 were excluded and 353 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 451 children were divided into three groups according to the use of pacifiers. The prevalence of posterior crossbite at the age of 7 years was higher if a non-study pacifier had been used (P = .005) even when matched for the mother's level of education (P = .029). The prevalence of posterior crossbite was higher if the pacifier habit had continued for 12 months or more compared to 11 months or less, 7% and 1%, respectively, (P = .003). Digit sucking for 12 months or more was associated with crowding (P = .016). The prevalence of crossbite in the study pacifier group was less than in control pacifiers. HARMS: No adverse harms were reported other than effects on the dentition.
conclusionThe use of pacifiers is associated with the posterior crossbite, especially if their use continues for a year or more. Parents/guardians should be advised to stop the use or reduce the use of pacifiers to a minimum after their child's first birthday.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01854502.
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