ArticleJournal of the International AIDS Society2024
Acceptability, usability, and willingness to pay for HIV self-test kits distributed through community-based, PLHIV network-led and private practitioners models in India: Results from the STAR III Initiative.
Article in Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stigma, privacy concerns, sexual behaviors, and testing history shape willingness to use HIV self-testing among African refugee men engaged in sex work in Italy - a mixed method study-BGSH-023.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The early market access vehicle - An innovative demand-driven model to catalyse introduction of new optimal health products in low- and middle-income countries.Health policy OPEN · 2025Article
- Spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of genotypic resistance testing utilization among people living with HIV: A 10-year retrospective analysis at a tertiary care hospital in Beijing, China (2014-2023).Biosafety and health · 2025Article
- Drivers of HIV self-test kit among Tanzanian men aged 15-49: findings from the 2022 TDHS-MIS cross-sectional study.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- Willingness of female sex workers to use HIV self-testing in Burkina Faso: analysis of cross-sectional respondent-driven sampling data.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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34 authors.
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Abstract
introductionHIV self-testing (HIVST) has been shown to increase the uptake of HIV testing and help achieve the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. This study assessed the acceptability, usability (ease of use and result interpretation) and the willingness to pay for HIVST kits distributed through three distribution models, namely the community-based, PLHIV network-led and private practitioners models, in India.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was implemented across 14 states in India between September 2021 and June 2022. All participants could choose between blood-based or oral-fluid-based test kits. Participants were shown a test-kit usage demonstration video, and pre- and post-test counselling was provided for all. Participants were followed-up after testing, and if reported reactive, were further supported for linkage to confirmatory testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation.
resultsAmong the 90,605 participants found eligible, 88,080 (97%) accepted an HIVST kit. Among the 87,976 who reported using an HIVST kit, 45,207 (51%) preferred a blood-based kit, and 42,120 (48%) reported testing for the first time. For future testing, 77,064 (88%) reported preferring HIVST over other HIV testing methods. Among those who used the kit, 83,308 (95%) found the kit easy to use, and 83,237 (95%) reported that the test results were easy to interpret. Among those who preferred HIVST for future use, 52,136 (69%) were willing to pay for the kit, with 35,854 (69%) of those willing to pay less than US$ 1.20. Only one instance of social harm was reported, with a participant reporting suicidal tendencies due to discord with their partner. Out of 328 participants (0.4%) who tested reactive with HIVST, 291 (89%) were linked to confirmatory testing; of these, 254 were confirmed HIV positive, and 216 (85%) successfully initiated ART.
conclusionsOverall, we report that nearly all participants were willing to accept HIVST, found the test kits easy to use and interpret, and about two-thirds were willing to pay for HIVST. Given the high levels of acceptance and the ability to reach a large proportion of first-time testers, HIVST in India could contribute to achieving the UNAIDS first 95 and ending the HIV epidemic.
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