ArticleThorax2024
Urban metabolic and airway immune profiles increase the risk of infections in early childhood.
Article in Thorax, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Harnessing the glycolysis-TCA cycle axis to boost host defense against neonatal infection.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Burden of Infections in Early Life and Risk of Infections and Systemic Antibiotics Use in Childhood.JAMA network open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInfections in childhood remain a leading global cause of child mortality and environmental exposures seem crucial. We investigated whether urbanicity at birth was associated with the risk of infections and explored underlying mechanisms.
methodsChildren (n=633) from the COPSAC
resultsWe observed a mean (SD) total number of infections of 16.3 (8.4) consisting mainly of upper respiratory infections until age 3 years. Urban versus rural living increased infection risk (17.1 (8.7) vs 15.2 (7.9), adjusted incidence rate ratio; 1.15 (1.05-1.26), p=0.002) and altered the child airway immune profile, which increased infection risk (principal component 1 (PC1): 1.03 (1.00-1.06), p=0.038 and PC2: 1.04 (1.01-1.07), p=0.022). Urban living also altered the maternal and child metabolomic profiles, which also increased infection risk. The association between urbanicity and infection risk was partly mediated through the maternal metabolomic and child airway immune profiles. Finally, urbanicity increased the risk of asthma by age 6 years, which was mediated through early infection load (p
conclusionThis study suggests urbanicity as an independent risk factor for early infections partly explained by changes in the early metabolic and immunological development with implications for later risk of asthma.
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