ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2024
Health and Economic Benefits of Routine Childhood Immunizations in the Era of the Vaccines for Children Program - United States, 1994-2023.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association of gross domestic product with equitable access to childhood vaccines in 195 countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2025Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational quadrivalent measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine in children aged 4-6 years: A phase II, randomized, multi-country trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Optimizing childhood vaccination coverage in Lubumbashi: Expert perspectives on the SCAVA / VACCIN+CONNECT- OS initiative.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Addressing the Measles Epidemic: Evidence Informed Approaches Schools Can Use to Promote Childhood Vaccination.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Article
- Explainable Machine Learning for Public Health Informatics in HEDIS Childhood Immunization Status Combination 10.Online journal of public health informatics · 2026Article
- Review
- Socioeconomic value of adult respiratory vaccination in the United States: a benefit-cost analysis.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Support for Tying Polio Vaccination Status to Child Tax Credit Eligibility in the United States.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2021 and 2022 - National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2022-2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Framing and Acceptance Among Adults Who Are Vaccine Hesitant.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The Role and Safety of Aluminum Adjuvants in Childhood Vaccines.Pediatrics · 2026Review
- Immunization Coverage and Clinical Documentation of Vaccine Refusal in Pediatric Clinics: A Retrospective Analysis in the Midwestern United States, 2022-2024.Journal of pediatrics. Clinical practice · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Impact Non-Live Vaccine Coverage After Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation: A Single Center Study.Pediatric transplantation · 2026Article
- Intention to vaccinate children against measles: findings from a national survey in the United States.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Optimising Investment in Health Innovations in Europe.Journal of market access & health policy · 2026Article
- Delayed or Absent First Dose of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Parental knowledge and acceptance of routine childhood immunization: Association with verified vaccination status - A cross-sectional study.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- Drug-related problems and their predictors in pediatric community-acquired infections: the role of pharmacist-led interventions in Pakistan.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2026Article
- Differences in maternal acceptance of non-national immunization program vaccines between single-child and multiple-children households a hospital-based cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since 1994, the U.S. Vaccines for Children (VFC) program has covered the cost of vaccines for children whose families might not otherwise be able to afford vaccines. This report assessed and quantified the health benefits and economic impact of routine U.S. childhood immunizations among both VFC-eligible and non-VFC-eligible children born during 1994-2023. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine; oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines; measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; varicella vaccine; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine; and rotavirus vaccine were included. Averted illnesses and deaths and associated costs over the lifetimes of 30 annual cohorts of children born during 1994-2023 were estimated using established economic models. Net savings were calculated from the payer and societal perspectives. Among approximately 117 million children born during 1994-2023, routine childhood vaccinations will have prevented approximately 508 million lifetime cases of illness, 32 million hospitalizations, and 1,129,000 deaths, at a net savings of $540 billion in direct costs and $2.7 trillion in societal costs. From both payer and societal perspectives, routine childhood vaccinations among children born during 1994-2023 resulted in substantial cost savings. Childhood immunizations continue to provide substantial health and economic benefits, while promoting health equity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.