ArticleDisease models & mechanisms2024
Macrophages directly kill bladder cancer cells through TNF signaling as an early response to BCG therapy.
Article in Disease models & mechanisms, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intradermal priming to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A translational research and phase I clinical trial.Oncology research · 2025Trial
- miR-1-3p downregulation drives tumor invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma: insights from in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- zAvatar-test-A functional precision model to personalize ovarian cancer treatments: Results from a co-clinical study.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Perspective on the integration of radiomics and spatial omics in the analysis of the tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer and prospects for precision diagnosis and treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Differential effects of BCG-Russia and BCG-TICE on trained immunity: Potential implications for bladder cancer immunotherapy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Harnessing live vectors for cancer vaccines: Advancing therapeutic immunotherapy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Modeling immune responses of cattle tomSphere · 2025Article
- From Bench to Bladder: The Rise in Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in the Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Small Fish, Big Answers: Zebrafish and the Molecular Drivers of Metastasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The infection-microbiome-immunity axis in bladder cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Loss of Glutathione-S-Transferase Theta 2 (GSTT2) Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment and Response to BCG Immunotherapy in a Murine Orthotopic Model of Bladder Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the oldest cancer immunotherapeutic agent in use. Despite its effectiveness, its initial mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, we elucidate the earliest cellular mechanisms involved in BCG-induced tumor clearance. We developed a fast preclinical in vivo assay to visualize in real time and at single-cell resolution the initial interactions among bladder cancer cells, BCG and innate immunity using the zebrafish xenograft model. We show that BCG induced the recruitment and polarization of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, accompanied by induction of the inflammatory cytokines tnfa, il1b and il6 in the tumor microenvironment. Macrophages directly induced apoptosis of human cancer cells through zebrafish TNF signaling. Macrophages were crucial for this response as their depletion completely abrogated the BCG-induced phenotype. Contrary to the general concept that macrophage anti-tumoral activities mostly rely on stimulating an effective adaptive response, we demonstrate that macrophages alone can induce tumor apoptosis and clearance. Thus, our results revealed an additional step to the BCG-induced tumor immunity model, while providing proof-of-concept experiments demonstrating the potential of this unique model to test innate immunomodulators.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.