ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence reports2024
Association of economic and racial segregation with restricted buprenorphine dispensing in U.S. community pharmacies.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Digital Therapeutics for Substance Use Disorder: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Concurrent Use of Extra-Medical Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adults Prescribed Methadone or Buprenorphine: A Cohort Study of Urban Adults Who Have Injected Drugs.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Examining the association between county racialised economic segregation and fatal overdose in US counties, 2018-2022.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Fatal Opioid Overdoses by Historical and Contemporary Neighborhood-Level Structural Racism.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- The Roles, Activities, and Opportunities of Clinical Pharmacists in a National Initiative to Improve Office-Based Buprenorphine Care.Substance use : research and treatmentArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Timely and reliable dispensing of buprenorphine is critical to accessing treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). Racial and ethnic inequities in OUD treatment access are well described, but it remains unclear if inequities persist at the point of dispensing. Methods: We analyzed data from a U.S. telephone audit that measured restricted buprenorphine dispensing in community pharmacies, defined as inability to fill a buprenorphine prescription requested by a "secret shopper." Using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), we constructed county-level measures of racial, ethnic, economic, and racialized economic (joint racial and economic segregation) segregation. Logistic regression models evaluated the association of ICE measures and restricted buprenorphine dispensing, adjusting for county type (urban vs. rural) and pharmacy type (chain vs. independent). Results: Among 858 pharmacies surveyed in 473 counties, pharmacies in the most ethnically segregated and economically deprived counties had 2.66 times the odds (95 % CI: 1.41, 5.17) of restricting buprenorphine dispensing, compared to pharmacies in the most privileged counties after adjustment. Pharmacies in counties with high racialized economic segregation (quintile 2 and 3) also had higher odds of restricting buprenorphine dispensing (aOR 3.09 [95 % CI 1.7, 5.59]; aOR 2.11 [95 % CI 1.17, 3.98]). Similar associations were observed for economic segregation (aOR: 2.18 [95 % CI: 1.21, 3.99]), but not ethnic (0.59 [0.34, 1.05]) or racial (0.61 [0.35, 1.07]) segregation alone. Conclusions: Restricted buprenorphine dispensing was most pronounced in socially and economically disadvantaged communities, potentially exacerbating gaps in OUD treatment access. Policy interventions should target both prescribing and dispensing capacity to advance pharmacoequity.
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