ArticleCommunications medicine2024
Touchless short-wave infrared imaging for dynamic rapid pupillometry and gaze estimation in closed eyes.
Article in Communications medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07199049 (Monitoring Eyelid Reflex, Eye Movements, and Pupil Responses in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Monitoring Eyelid Reflex, Eye Movements, and Pupil Responses in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: Neuro-Mimic Indicators of Anesthesia Depth
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Polarizer-assisted pupillometry through closed eyelids, overcoming pupil position dependence.Journal of biomedical optics · 2026Article
- Misinterpreting Electrophysiology in Human Cognitive Neuroscience.Psychophysiology · 2026Review
- Recent progress and future perspectives of infrared light-based technology in ophthalmology.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Electro-Oculography and Proprioceptive Calibration Enable Horizontal and Vertical Gaze Estimation, Even with Eyes Closed.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pupil size reveals arousal level fluctuations in human sleep.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The diagnostic significance of pupillary reflex pathways: insights from classical examination and advanced pupillometry.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAssessments of gaze direction (eye movements), pupil size, and the pupillary light reflex (PLR) are critical for neurological examination and neuroscience research and constitute a powerful tool in diverse clinical settings ranging from critical care through endocrinology and drug addiction to cardiology and psychiatry. However, current bedside pupillometry is typically intermittent, qualitative, manual, and limited to open-eye cases, restricting its use in sleep medicine, anesthesia, and intensive care.
methodsWe combined short-wave infrared (SWIR, ~0.9-1.7μm) imaging with image processing algorithms to perform rapid (~30 ms) pupillometry and eye tracking behind closed eyelids. Forty-three healthy volunteers participated in two experiments with PLR evoked by visible light stimuli or directing eye movements towards screen targets. Imaging was performed simultaneously on one eye closed, and the other open eye serving as ground truth. Data analysis was performed with a custom approach quantifying changes in brightness around the pupil area or with a deep learning U-NET-based procedure.
resultsHere we show that analysis of SWIR imaging data can successfully measure stimulus-evoked PLR in closed-eye conditions, revealing PLR events in single trials and significant PLRs in nearly all individual subjects, as well as estimating gaze direction. The neural net-based analysis could successfully use closed-eye SWIR data to recreate estimates of open-eye images and assess pupil size.
conclusionsContinuous touchless monitoring of rapid dynamics in pupil size and gaze direction through closed eyes paves the way for developing devices with wide-ranging applications, fulfilling long-standing goals in clinical and research fields.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.