Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39103727›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2025

Trends and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Prenatal Care (PNC) Use from 2016 to 2021 in the United States.

Jusung Lee, Krista J Howard, Austin Greif, Jeffrey T Howard

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

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0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Drivers of care and outcomes for people facing fetal conditions in the United States: a conceptual framework.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025
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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jusung LeeDepartment of Public Health, College of Health, Community and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA. jusung.lee@utsa.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-9099-3899
Krista J HowardDepartment of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
Austin GreifDepartment of Public Health, College of Health, Community and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
Jeffrey T HowardDepartment of Public Health, College of Health, Community and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.

Funding

Society of Family Planning SFPRF16-CM6
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo investigate the trends and racial/ethnic disparities in adequate prenatal care (PNC) use in the USA.

methodsA repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using May 2016-May 2021 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). A primary outcome was the Kotelchuck index, a measure of the adequacy of PNC use, and the year was a key independent variable. Multinomial and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine PNC utilization using multiple imputations with chained equations.

resultsAmong the 190,262 pregnant individuals, adequate PNC use was largely consistent from 2016 to 2019. However, there was an immediate drop from 77.4-78.3% between 2016 and 2019 to 75.2% in 2020 and 75.8% in 2021. Conversely, both intermediate and inadequate PNC use tended to increase in 2020 and 2021. Adequate PNC use, when compared to inadequate use, showed significantly lower odds in 2020 (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.96; p = 0.009) and 2021 (aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77-0.99; p = 0.033) than in 2016. Notably, Hispanic participants experienced substantial impacts (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88; p = 0.001 in 2020 and aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.89; p = 0.002 in 2021).

conclusionsWhile adequate PNC use was a steady, slightly upward trend before 2020, it had a steep decline afterward. It is worth noting that Hispanic individuals were severely affected. Targeted interventions or policies to address barriers to PNC and foster equitable and sustainable care models are required.

Indexed as

EthnicityHealthcare DisparitiesPrenatal CareRacial GroupsAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansPregnancyUnited StatesYoung AdultDisparitiesKotelchuckPrenatal care (PNC)Race/ethnicityTrend

Identifiers

PMID39103727

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.