The management of tarsal tunnel syndrome: A scoping review.

Background: Tarsal tunnel syndrome, also known as posterior tibial neuralgia, is a compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its divisions (calcaneal, lateral plantar or medial plantar nerve) within the tarsal tunnel. This scoping review aims to systematically map and summarise current literature regarding the management of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Medline and Cinahl were searched using the terms 'tarsal tunnel', 'syndrome', 'entrapment', 'compression', 'posterior tibial', 'neuropathy' and 'neuralgia. Two stage title abstract screening was performed. Observational studies reporting the outcome of treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome were included. Results: A total of 32 studies were included in the review. Excellent or good results are seen in 75.3 % of cases, with the remainder (24.7 %) achieving fair or poor outcomes. Factors which may influence outcome include patient age, symptom duration, aetiology, co-morbidities, pre-treatment symptom severity and nerve fibrosis. Conclusions: Although favourable outcomes are seen in the majority of cases, poor results are not uncommon. A range of prognostic factors are identified; however, firm conclusions cannot be drawn from the findings of individual low-quality studies. Further research in identifying prognostic factors may aid in clinical decision making and management of patient expectations. Level of evidence: Level IV Scoping review.