ArticleBMJ open2024
Exploring ethnicity dynamics in Wales: a longitudinal population-scale linked data study and development of a harmonised ethnicity spine.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Data Resource Profile: Children in Wales: The Cohort for Health and Wellbeing Inequality (CWTCH).International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Disparities in blood cancer survival in the UK 2009-2019: national cohort studies.BJC reports · 2026Article
- Cohort profile: Creation of an e-cohort to Address the Evaluation of Population Secondary Prevention Quality and Outcomes Post-Stroke (ESP-QOPS) in Wales.International journal of population data science · 2026Article
- Article
- Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality and cardiovascular disease in England and Wales between 2020-2022.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Five ways to enhance the diversity and quality of health data.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Equitable hospital length of stay prediction for patients with learning disabilities and multiple long-term conditions using machine learning.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Antipsychotic management in general practice: serial cross-sectional study (2011-2020).The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Observational
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to create a national ethnicity spine based on all available ethnicity records in linkable anonymised electronic health record and administrative data sources.
designA longitudinal study using anonymised individual-level population-scale ethnicity data from 26 data sources available within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank.
settingThe national ethnicity spine is created based on longitudinal national data for the population of Wales-UK over 22 years (between 2000 and 2021). PROCEDURE AND
participantsA total of 46 million ethnicity records for 4 297 694 individuals have been extracted, harmonised, deduplicated and made available within a longitudinal research ready data asset. OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Comparing the distribution of ethnicity records over time for four different selection approaches (latest, mode, weighted mode and composite) across age bands, sex, deprivation quintiles, health board and residential location and (2) distribution and completeness of records against the ONS census 2011.
resultsThe distribution of the dominant group (white) is minimally affected based on the four different selection approaches. Across all other ethnic group categorisations, the mixed group was most susceptible to variation in distribution depending on the selection approach used and varied from a 0.6% prevalence across the latest and mode approach to a 1.1% prevalence for the weighted mode, compared with the 3.1% prevalence for the composite approach. Substantial alignment was observed with ONS 2011 census with the Latest group method (kappa=0.68, 95% CI (0.67 to 0.71)) across all subgroups. The record completeness rate was over 95% in 2021.
conclusionIn conclusion, our development of the population-scale ethnicity spine provides robust ethnicity measures for healthcare research in Wales and a template which can easily be deployed in other trusted research environments in the UK and beyond.
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