Trial reportInternational breastfeeding journal2024
Impact of an intervention for perinatal anxiety on breastfeeding: findings from the Happy Mother-Healthy Baby randomized controlled trial in Pakistan.
Trial report in International breastfeeding journal, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03880032 (Happy Mother-Healthy Baby), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Happy Mother-Healthy Baby: An Anxiety-focused Early Prenatal Intervention for the Prevention of Common Mental Disorders in Pakistan
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficacy of Breast Crawling on Breastfeeding Outcomes, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Anxiety Status After Term Vaginal Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Trial
- A psychosocial intervention for prenatal anxiety decreases functional disability among pregnant Pakistani women: A moderated mediation approach using data from a randomized controlled trial.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2025Trial
- A Nomogram Predicting the Risk of Anxiety in Third-Trimester pregnancy in Pregnant Women with CTDs.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Receipt of a psychosocial intervention for prenatal anxiety and risk of perinatal intimate partner violence in Pakistani women.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe study examined the effects of Happy Mother-Healthy Baby (HMHB), a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention on breastfeeding outcomes for Pakistani women with prenatal anxiety.
methodsBreastfeeding practices were evaluated in a randomized controlled trial between 2019 and 2022 in a public hospital in Pakistan. The intervention group was randomized to receive six HMHB sessions targeted towards prenatal anxiety (with breastfeeding discussed in the final session), while both groups also received enhanced usual care. Breastfeeding was defined in four categories: early breastfeeding, exclusive early breastfeeding, recent breastfeeding, and exclusive recent breastfeeding. Early breastfeeding referred to the first 24 h after birth and recent breastfeeding referred to the last 24 h before an assessment at six-weeks postpartum. Potential confounders included were mother's age, baseline depression and anxiety levels, stress, social support, if the first pregnancy (or not) and history of stillbirth or miscarriage as well as child's gestational age, gender. Both intent-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were examined. Stratified analyses were also used to compare intervention efficacy for those with mild vs severe anxiety.
resultsOut of the 1307 eligible women invited to participate, 107 declined to participate and 480 were lost to follow-up, resulting in 720 women who completed the postpartum assessment. Both intervention and control arms were similar on demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, age, income, family structure). In the primary intent-to-treat analysis, there was a marginal impact of the intervention on early breastfeeding (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 0.99-1.92; 75.4% (N = 273) vs. 69.0% (N = 247)) and a non-significant association with other breastfeeding outcomes (OR1.42, 95% CI: 0.89-2.27; (47) 12.9% vs. (34) 9.5%, exclusive early breastfeeding; OR 1.48, 95% CI: 0.94-2.35; 90% (N = 327) vs. 86% (N = 309), recent breastfeeding; OR1.01, 95% CI: 0.76-1.35; 49% (N = 178) vs 49% (N = 175) exclusive recent breastfeeding). Among those who completed the intervention's six core sessions, the intervention increased the odds of early breastfeeding (OR1.69, 95% CI:1.12-2.54; 79% (N = 154) vs. 69% (N = 247)) and recent breastfeeding (OR 2.05, 95% CI:1.10-3.81; 93% (N = 181) vs. 86% (N = 309)). For women with mild anxiety at enrolment, the intervention increased the odds of recent breastfeeding (OR 2.41, 95% CI:1.17-5.00; 92% (N = 137) vs. 83% (N = 123).
conclusionsThe study highlights the potential of CBT-based interventions like HMHB to enhance breastfeeding among women with mild perinatal anxiety, contingent upon full participation in the intervention.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03880032.
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