ArticleSAGE open medicine2024
Evolution of waterborne diseases: A case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Article in SAGE open medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Characterization and Antimicrobial Assessment of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Novel Eigen space method for multiple Spatiotemporal rare diseases clusters detection: a case study of waterborne disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Objectives: In Pakistan, the degradation of drinking water quality is exacerbated by the increasing population size and rapid industrialization. Contaminated water serves as the predominant source of numerous diseases, including diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and typhoid. This article explores the evolution of waterborne diseases across 21 districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan by monitoring changes in the clustering solutions. Methods: The data employed in this study were sourced from 21 districts of KP by the Director-General Health Services. Cluster analysis was utilized to uncover patterns in waterborne disease incidence, while principal component analysis was employed to reveal underlying patterns and reduce dimensionality. Additionally, the MONItoring Clusters (MONIC) framework was applied for change detection, facilitating the identification of significant shifts in disease patterns over time and aiding in the understanding of temporal dynamics. Results: Our analysis indicates that two clusters survived consistently over time, while other clusters exhibited inconsistency. Profiling of the surviving clusters (C Conclusion: The findings of this study hold significant importance as they pinpoint the most vulnerable regions for various waterborne diseases. These insights offer valuable guidance to policymakers and health officials, empowering them to implement effective measures for controlling waterborne diseases in the respective regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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