ReviewReproductive medicine and biology
Role of immune cells in the establishment of implantation and maintenance of pregnancy and immunomodulatory therapies for patients with repeated implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss.
Review in Reproductive medicine and biology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Endometrial immune profiling and precision therapy increase live birth rate after embryo transfer: a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Platelet-Rich Plasma in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Toward a Precision Medicine Framework for Biologically Guided Patient Selection.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Tokishakuyakusan on Progesterone Withdrawal-Induced Uterine Inflammation in Pregnant Mice.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Health promoting spirulina platensis nanoparticles induce early embryonic loss in heat-stressed rabbit does.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of Macrophages in Endometrial Cyclical Changes and Female Reproductive System Diseases: A Review.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Review
- Immunoglobulins in recurrent pregnancy loss: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Double negative T cells decline in inflammatory reproductive dysfunction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Insights into Reproductive Immunology and Placental Pathology, 2nd Edition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- The Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Embryonic Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Narrative Review.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Direct and indirect evidence for pyroptosis and immune dysregulation in IVF/ICSI-ET-related early pregnancy loss.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in pregnancy disorders: a multi-dimensional framework for biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Recent Developments in Macrophages Imbalance and Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Endometrial immune dysregulation shapes CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells in human pregnancy: mechanisms, dysregulation, and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Intrauterine Administration of PBMC Modulated with IFN-τ Before Embryo Transfer Improves Clinical Outcomes of IVF Patients-A Randomized Control Trial.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Differential Effects of Assisted Reproduction Technology on Placental Epigenetics and Angiogenesis: Insights from Fresh, Frozen, and Egg Donation Pregnancies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Implantation Failure: Where to Look Up?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Immune cells play an important role in the establishment of pregnancy, and abnormalities in the immune system can cause implantation failure and miscarriage. Methods: Previous papers have been summarized and the role of immune cells in reproduction is reviewed. Results: The immune environment in the uterus changes drastically from before implantation to after pregnancy to maintain pregnancy. In allogeneic pregnancies, immature dendritic cells (DCs) that induce immune tolerance from outside the uterus flow into the uterus, and mature DCs that remain in the uterus express programmed cell death ligand 2, which suppresses the immune response. Macrophages are classified into M1-macrophages, which induce inflammation, and M2-macrophages, which suppress inflammation; M1-macrophages are required for luteinization, and M2-macrophages induce the differentiation of endometrial epithelial cells to enable implantation. Regulatory T cells, which suppress rejection, are essential for the implantation and maintenance of allogeneic pregnancies. Implantation failure and fetal loss are associated with decreased numbers or qualitative abnormalities of DCs, macrophages, and regulatory T cells. The clinical usefulness of immunomodulatory therapies in patients with repeated implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss has been reported. Conclusion: The provision of individualized medical care in cases of implantation failure or miscarriage may improve clinical outcomes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.