Androgen signaling in LMAN regulates song stereotypy in male canaries.

During breeding when testosterone concentrations are high, male songbirds that are open-ended vocal learners like canaries (Serinus canaria) tend to produce a stable, stereotyped song that facilitates mate attraction or territory defense. Outside breeding contexts, song becomes more variable. The neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling this vocal variability across seasons are not entirely clear. We tested whether androgen signaling within the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN), a cortical-like brain region of the vocal control system known as a vocal variability generator, plays a role in seasonal vocal variability. We first characterized song in birds housed alone on a short day (SD) photoperiod, which simulates non-breeding conditions. Then, cannulae filled with the androgen receptor (AR) blocker flutamide or left empty as control were implanted bilaterally in LMAN. Birds were then transferred to long days (LD) to simulate the breeding season and song was analyzed again. Blocking AR in LMAN increased acoustic variability of song and the acoustic variability of syllables. However, blocking AR in LMAN did not impact the variability of syllable usage nor their sequencing in LD birds, song features that are controlled by androgen signaling in a somatosensory brain region of the vocal control system called HVC. These findings highlight the multifactorial, non-redundant actions of steroid hormones in controlling complex social behaviors such as birdsong. They also support the hypothesis that LMAN is a key brain area for the effects of testosterone on song plasticity both seasonally in adults and during the song crystallization process at sexual maturity.