Time to retire F1-binary score for action unit detection.

Saurabh Hinduja, Tara Nourivandi, Jeffrey F Cohn, Shaun Canavan

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Pattern recognition letters, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Saurabh HindujaDepartment of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.

Tara NourivandiDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, USA.

Jeffrey F CohnDepartment of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.

Shaun CanavanDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, USA.

Funding

Automatic Multimodal Affect Detection for Research and Clinical Use R01MH096951 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI COHN, JEFFREY F · 2012 to 2021

$5.6M

NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH096951

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Detecting action units is an important task in face analysis, especially in facial expression recognition. This is due, in part, to the idea that expressions can be decomposed into multiple action units. To evaluate systems that detect action units, F1-binary score is often used as the evaluation metric. In this paper, we argue that F1-binary score does not reliably evaluate these models due largely to class imbalance. Because of this, F1-binary score should be retired and a suitable replacement should be used. We justify this argument through a detailed evaluation of the negative influence of class imbalance on action unit detection. This includes an investigation into the influence of class imbalance in train and test sets and in new data (i.e., generalizability). We empirically show that F1-micro should be used as the replacement for F1-binary.

Indexed as

Action unitsData imbalanceF1 scoreMachine learning

Identifiers

PMID39086494

DOI10.1016/j.patrec.2024.04.016

PMCPMC11290352

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.