A snapshot of a representative Brazilian state of illegal mining in indigenous areas during the era of malaria elimination.

Malaria is a public health problem and the cases diagnosed in the capital of Roraima, Brazil, show potential to characterize the burden of the disease in the state. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of malaria cases diagnosed in Boa Vista. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in two health units in the city, with individuals diagnosed and who agreed to respond the questionnaire. Of the total of 206 participants, characterized as men, mixed-race, and young, 96% (198) reported participating in illegal mining activity. Among the group of miners, 66% (131) came from other states of Brazil or other countries. The mines were mainly located in the Yanomami territory in Roraima. Plasmodium vivax infection occurred in 74% (153) of participants. In the miner's group, hospitalizations for severe malaria, previous malaria attacks, and delays in treatment after the onset of symptoms were reported. Although 73% (145) of miners reported knowing how malaria was transmitted, only 54% (107) used mosquito nets or repellents. The use of Artecom and chloroquine by miners is not for the complete treatment but only to relieve symptoms for returning to gold mines, highlighting the importance of molecular surveillance to antimalarial resistance. Indigenous peoples are considered vulnerable to malaria and miners promotes the increase of malaria in Roraima Indigenous Lands. Therefore, access to diagnosis and treatment in Indigenous areas invaded by miners is imperative to confront this disease that ravages Indigenous communities and threatens public health on a large scale to achieve the goal of eliminating malaria in the state.