SynthesisEmerging microbes & infections2024
Global perspectives on smallpox vaccine against monkeypox: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of effectiveness, protection, safety and cross-immunogenicity.
Synthesis in Emerging microbes & infections, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neurological manifestations of Mpox virus during the recent global outbreak: a systematic review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Global epidemiology, viral evolution, and public health responses: a systematic review on Mpox (1958-2024).Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Structure prediction and drug screening targeting monkeypox virus polymerase and surface proteins.Journal of computer-aided molecular design · 2026Article
- Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) Transmission Dynamics in Neighboring Countries as a Potential Threat to Kazakhstan.Viruses · 2026Review
- Vaccine safety surveillance during an mpox outbreak, Germany, June 2022 to February 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- An improved and high-throughput mpox virus microneutralization assay.Biosafety and health · 2026Article
- The Emerging Threat of Monkeypox: An Updated Overview.Viruses · 2026Review
- Serological differentiation between Mpox infection and vaccine-induced immunity: a mini-review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Using protection motivation theory to predict monkeypox vaccination intention among adults in Chongqing, China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Predictors of Willingness to Receive Monkeypox Vaccine in Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Monkeypox and measles: two scourges among children displaced by wars in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Effect of monkeypox virus B14R protein fragments binding to IL-1β on apoptosis in HeLa cells.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Repurposed Smallpox Vaccines Against Mpox: A Critical Review of ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Review
- Current status of next-generation vaccines against mpox virus: a scoping review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Virology, epidemiology, transmissions, diagnostic tests, prophylaxis and treatments of human Mpox: Saudi Arabia perspective.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A large outbreak of monkeypox occurred in 2022, and most people lack immunity to orthopoxvirus. Smallpox vaccination is essential for preventing further smallpox outbreaks. This study evaluated the effectiveness, protection, safety, and cross-immunogenicity of smallpox vaccine in preventing monkeypox infection. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from database inception to 10 March 2024. We included studies involving "monkeypox virus" and "vaccinations", and excluded reviews, animal studies, and articles with missing or duplicate data. A total of 37 studies with 57,693 participants were included in the final analysis. The effectiveness data showed that monkeypox infection rates were lower in the smallpox-vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated group (risk ratio [RR]: 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-0.68). The protection data showed that smallpox vaccination effectively reduced the risk of severe monkeypox infection (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42-0.87). Third-generation vaccines showed greater efficacy (RR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.22-0.56) than first-generation vaccines. The number of doses of smallpox vaccine has no significant effect on monkeypox. Safety data showed that adverse reactions after smallpox vaccination were mainly mild and included local erythema, swelling, induration, itching, and pain. Meanwhile, we found that smallpox vaccination could induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against monkeypox. Our findings offer compelling evidence supporting the clinical application of the smallpox vaccine for preventing monkeypox and advocate that high-risk groups should be prioritized for receiving one dose of the smallpox vaccine if the vaccine stockpile is low.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.