ArticleArthritis research & therapy2024
IL-40 is up-regulated in the synovial fluid and cartilage of osteoarthritis patients and contributes to the alteration of chondrocytes phenotype in vitro.
Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interleukin-40 in Systemic Sclerosis: A Treatment-Sensitive Marker of Immune Modulation Rather Than Disease Activity.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Osteoarthritis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.MedComm · 2026Review
- Deficiency of interleukin-40 prevents intestinal damage in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis by inhibiting NETosis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- IL40: A Newly Described Cytokine With Conflicting Measurements and Detection Variability-Are There Different Forms?Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Unveiling Interleukin-40: A Novel Regulator of Macrophage and B Cell Function in Allergic Asthma.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Investigating the Role of Circular RNAs Circ_0003972 and Circ-PTPN22 in Regulating Cytokine Expression in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoarthritis.Iranian journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Synovial fluid as a complex molecular pool contributing to knee osteoarthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Serum IL-40 is elevated in systemic sclerosis and is linked to disease activity, gastrointestinal involvement, immune regulation and fibrotic processes.Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Article
- Serum interleukin-40 increases in anti-AchR antibody-positive myasthenia gravis and correlates with disease activity.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Green Light Exposure Reduces Primary Hyperalgesia and Proinflammatory Cytokines in a Rodent Model of Knee Osteoarthritis: Shedding Light on Sex Differences.Biomedicines · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIL-40 is a novel cytokine associated with autoimmune connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or Sjögren syndrome. We have previously shown an accumulation of IL-40 in the RA joint and its expression by immune cells and fibroblasts. Therefore, we aimed to assess the role of IL-40 in association with hyaline cartilage and chondrocyte activity.
methodsImmunohistochemistry was employed to detect IL-40 in paired samples of loaded and unloaded regions of osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage (n=5). Synovial fluid IL-40 was analysed by ELISA in OA (n=31) and control individuals after knee injury (n=34). The impact of IL-40 on chondrocytes was tested in vitro.
resultsIL-40 was found in chondrocytes of the superficial zone of the OA cartilage, both in loaded and unloaded explants. Additionally, only biopsies from loaded explants showed significant IL-40 positivity in transitional zone chondrocytes. Levels of IL-40 were significantly elevated in the synovial fluid from OA patients compared to controls (p<0.0009) and correlated with synovial fluid leukocyte counts in OA (r=0.444, p=0.014). Chondrocytes exposed to IL-40 dose dependently increased in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p<0.0001) and IL-8 (p=0.004). Moreover, a dose dependent up-regulation of matrix degrading metalloproteinases MMP-1 (p=0.004), MMP-3 (p=0.031) and MMP-13 (p=0.0002) upon IL-40 treatment was observed in contrast to untreated chondrocytes.
conclusionThis study is the first to demonstrate the accumulation of IL-40 in OA cartilage and its up-regulation in the synovial fluid of OA patients compared to controls. In addition, extracellular IL-40 appears to play a role in promoting inflammation and cartilage destruction by driving chondrocyte behaviour towards a more aggressive phenotype.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.