Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39078657›Full record

ArticleDiabetes technology & therapeutics2025

What Really Matters?: How Insulin Dose, Timing, and Distribution Relate to Meal Composition in Free-Living People with Type 1 Diabetes.

Elena Toschi, Stephanie Edwards, Christi Y Kao, Jie Xue, Astrid Atakov-Castillo, Wenjie Wang, Garry Steil, Howard Wolpert

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Elena ToschiJoslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4077-1160
Stephanie EdwardsEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Christi Y KaoEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Jie XueEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5056-6526
Astrid Atakov-CastilloJoslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Wenjie WangEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Garry SteilBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Howard WolpertBoston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Funding

SPECIAL ASSAY COREP30DK036836 · NIDDK · JOSLIN DIABETES CENTER · PI JEAN E. SCHAFFER · 1986 to 2026
$50.5M
NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK036836
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Optimizing postprandial glucose control in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is challenging. We hypothesized that in free-living individuals, meal composition (high and low glycemic index [HGI and LGI], high and low fat [HF and LF]) may impact insulin requirements. Adults (

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Hypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMealsAdultBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDietary CarbohydratesFemaleGlycemic ControlGlycemic IndexHumansHypoglycemiaInsulin Infusion SystemsMaleMiddle AgedBlood GlucoseDietary CarbohydratesHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinFree-living peopleMacronutrient contentMealtime insulin dosingType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID39078657
PMCPMC12946920

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.