ArticleChemical research in toxicology2024
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Produced from Experimentally Designed Nicotine Salt-Based E-Liquids.
Article in Chemical research in toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- From liquid to aerosol: an innovative HPLC method sheds light on nicotine salt dynamics of e-cigarettes.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Regulation of immune checkpoints by electronic cigarette.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Produced from Commercial Nicotine Salt-Based E-Liquids.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- A review of popular vaping misconceptions: redefining ENDS safety and usage risks.Inhalation toxicologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nicotine salt-based e-liquids deliver nicotine more rapidly and efficiently to electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users than freebase nicotine formulations. Nicotine salt-based products represent a substantial majority of the United States ENDS market. Despite the popularity of nicotine salt formulations, the chemical and physical characteristics of aerosols produced by nicotine salt e-liquids are still not well understood. To address this, this study reports the harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) and particle sizes of aerosols produced by laboratory-made freebase nicotine and nicotine salt e-liquids. The nicotine salt e-liquids were formulated with benzoic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, or oxalic acid. The nicotine salt aerosols had different HPHC profiles than the freebase nicotine aerosols, indicating that the carboxylic acids were not innocent bystanders. The polycarboxylic acid e-liquids containing citric acid, malic acid, or oxalic acid produced higher acrolein yields than the monocarboxylic acid e-liquids containing benzoic acid or lactic acid. Across most PG:VG ratios, nicotine benzoate or nicotine lactate aerosols contained the highest nicotine quantities (in %) and the highest nicotine yields (per milligram of aerosol). Additionally, the nicotine benzoate and nicotine lactate e-liquids produced the highest carboxylic acid yields under all tested conditions. The lower acid yields of the citric, malic, and oxalic acid formulations are potentially due to a combination of factors such as lower transfer efficiencies, lower thermostabilities, and greater susceptibility to side reactions because of their additional carboxyl groups serving as new sites for reactivity. For all nicotine formulations, the particle size characteristics were primarily controlled by the e-liquid solvent ratios, and there were no clear trends between nicotine salt and freebase nicotine aerosols that indicated nicotine protonation affected particle size. The carboxylic acids impacted aerosol output, nicotine delivery, and HPHC yields in distinct ways such that interchanging them in ENDS can potentially cause downstream effects.
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