ArticleBMC oral health2024
Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels.
Article in BMC oral health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between passive smoking and oral health among children: an umbrella review.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- Periodontal and Peri-Implant Status Among Users of Different Inhaled Tobacco and Nicotine Products: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Low salivary pH reflects high dental anxiety: evidence from a preliminary cross-sectional study.Odontology · 2026Observational
- Chemometric Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra for the Detection of Cotinine in Fingernails of E-Cigarette Users.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Blood Pressure and Salivary Cotinine Levels in Young Adults Using Heated Tobacco Products: A Case-Control Study in Poland.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Subclinical Oxidative and Matrix-Regulatory Alterations Associated with Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use in Periodontally Healthy Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- E-cigarettes and periodontal health: current evidence and research gaps.Brazilian oral research · 2026Review
- Electronic cigarette use and periodontal tissue damage: a scoping review and an evidence-informed conceptual framework.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- A comparative immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis of human gingiva in smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis : a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Correlation between e-cigarette use and salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Selected Population-based Oral Health Assessment Following Usage of E-Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Article
- E-Cigarette effects on oral health: A molecular perspective.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2025Review
- The effect ofJournal of oral microbiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe nicotine in e-cigarette liquid can negatively impact periodontal tissues by altering the salivary pH and elevating cotinine levels. Thus, the study aimed to determine the periodontal parameters, salivary pH, and cotinine levels among cigarette, e-cigarette, and never-smokers.
methodsA total of 144 participants were recruited (48 cigarette smokers, 48 e-cigarette smokers, and 48 never-smokers). Clinical periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded, excluding third molars. The level of unstimulated whole salivary pH was measured using a portable pH meter and the levels of salivary cotinine were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
resultsData were analysed statistically using analysis of variance. Mean scores of PPD, percentage of pocket depth ≥ 4 mm, and CAL (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among cigarette smokers than those in e-cigarette and never-smokers, while GI (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among e-cigarette smokers. The unstimulated salivary pH was more acidic among cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) and e-cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) than in never-smokers. The cotinine levels were higher among cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) and e-cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) than in never-smokers.
conclusionsClinical periodontal parameters were poorer in cigarette smokers than in e-cigarette smokers and never-smokers. Meanwhile, cigarette and e-cigarette smokers have more acidic salivary pH and higher cotinine levels than in never-smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.