ArticleThe oncologist2025
Immune-related encephalitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Article in The oncologist, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome precipitating days after treatment for dostarlimab-induced autoimmune encephalitis: a case report.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2026Article
- Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell-Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition-Related Adverse Events in the Brain.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Immune-Related Encephalitis in a Patient With Pleural Mesothelioma: Case Report.Respirology case reports · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced encephalitis in endometrial carcinoma: Distinguishing immune from infectious causes.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2026Article
- Synchronous Late-Onset of Limbic Encephalitis and Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesion After the End of Immunotherapy.Clinical nuclear medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Neurotoxicity of Immunotherapy: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Encephalitis vs. Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome.World journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Article
- Heterogeneity of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related inflammatory central nervous system adverse event reporting signals in primary and metastatic brain tumors: a pharmacovigilance study with single-cell and spatial transcriptomic contextualization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Assessment of Neurological Adverse Reactions Related to PD-1 Inhibitors: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Central and Peripheral Neurotoxicity: Case Series and Literature Review.Cureus · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Personalized Clinical Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Boiled Sausage Sign: A Novel MRI Marker for Identifying Subacute Secondary Hydrocephalus in the Elderly.Cureus · 2025Article
- Association between red blood cell distribution width and encephalitis based on the pediatric intensive care unit database: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of autoimmune-mediated paraneoplastic syndromes: immune tolerance and disease pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Benefits and Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Autoimmune encephalitis following treatment with durvalumab for small-cell lung cancer.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized cancer treatment but can trigger immune-related encephalitis. We report one of the largest case series of patients with immune-related encephalitis and review of the literature.
methodsRetrospective series of patients with immune-related encephalitis and literature review.
resultsFourteen patients with cancer treated with ICI (50% combination therapy) developed immune-related encephalitis. Diagnostic testing revealed cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytic pleocytosis (85%) and elevated protein (69%), abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) (33%) or brain FDG-PET (25%), electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities (30%), and autoantibodies (31%). Encephalitis treatment included: corticosteroids (86%), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (36%), plasmapheresis (7%), and rituximab (29%). There were no deaths and 12 patients had significant recovery, although long-term complications were observed. All patients discontinued ICI. Longitudinal follow-up demonstrated anti-cancer response to ICI at 3 months (85%) and 6 months post-ICI initiation (77%). A literature review identified 132 patients with immune-related encephalitis. Most were treated with PD-1 inhibitors (18% combination). Common abnormalities included elevated CSF protein (84%) or pleocytosis (77%), abnormal brain MRI (65%), or autoantibodies (47%). Nearly all were treated with corticosteroids, many required additional therapy with IVIg (26%) or rituximab (12%). Most patients had clinical improvement (81%) but a minority (10%) had a clinical relapse after completing corticosteroid taper. ICIs were resumed in 7 patients (5%), with relapse in 3. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Immune-related encephalitis is treatable and improves with corticosteroids in most cases but may require additional immunosuppression. Re-emergence of encephalitis is rare and does not typically result in adverse outcomes, and this should be considered in neurological immune-related adverse event management guidelines.
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