ReviewVaccines2024
A Comprehensive Review of Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors.
Review in Vaccines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- IL-6 (-174 G/C) and IL-10 (-1082 G/A) polymorphisms and serum levels in Sudanese patients with end-stage renal disease and overt hepatitis B infection: a pilot comparative study.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Factors Associated with the Anamnestic Immune Response Following Hepatitis B Booster Vaccination in the Elderly.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Occult hepatitis B virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen negative vaccinated healthcare workers in East Gojjam zone hospitals.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Population immunity to hepatitis B virus and infection marker seroprevalence in Belgrade, Serbia.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Serological Profile of Hepatitis B, C, and D and Factors Associated With Hepatitis B Exposure and Vaccination Among Hemodialysis Patients in Northeastern Brazil.International journal of nephrology · 2026Article
- MZB1 expression levels are associated with long-term maintenance of high anti-HBs titers: single-cell RNA-seq with validation by nested case-control and intervention studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Hepatitis B vaccine immunity in healthcare workers: Seroprotection and cellular immune signatures of waning response.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- PV-10 enhances immune responses in hepatitis B vaccination through STING pathway.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Hepatitis Vaccines: Recent Advances and Challenges.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Interleukin-12 as a Predictor for Unresponsiveness to the Hepatitis B Vaccine: A Novel Cut-Off Point in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impaired Hepatitis B and COVID-19 vaccination responses show strong concordance in hemodialysis patients with end stage renal disease.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors: Insights From a Cohort Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health concern worldwide, contributing to high rates of mortality and morbidity, including chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Universal vaccination programs have significantly reduced the rate of HBV transmission; however, a subset of individuals fail to develop a protective immune response following vaccination and are termed nonresponders. A comprehensive search strategy using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases was employed to search for relevant studies using keywords including "hepatitis B vaccine", "vaccine nonresponse", "immunogenicity", "immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine", and "associated risk factors". Factors influencing the vaccine's response include demographic factors, such as age and sex, with increased nonresponse rates being observed in older adults and males. Obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption are lifestyle factors that decrease the vaccine response. Medical conditions, including diabetes, chronic kidney and liver diseases, HIV, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease, affect the vaccine response. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes and genetic polymorphisms linked to immune regulation are genetic factors that further influence the vaccine's effectiveness. To reduce the global burden of hepatitis B infection, it is essential to understand these factors to improve vaccine effectiveness and develop individualized vaccination strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.