ArticleViruses2024
The Impact of Smoking on Long-Term Protection Following Hepatitis B Vaccination: A 24-Year Cohort Study.
Article in Viruses, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunogenicity persistence after four intramuscular triple-dose or standard-dose hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment: A 1-year follow-up study in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Systemic Inflammation and the Persistence of Vaccine-Induced Hepatitis B Immunity in Healthcare Workers.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Observational
- Article
- Seroprotection after a Standard Three-Dose Hepatitis B Vaccination Series in Immune-Mediated Rheumatic Diseases: A Retrospective Observational Study.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Herpes zoster vaccination and cognitive disorders in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Live Zoster Vaccination and the Reduced Risk of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: An Emulated Target Trial.Allergy · 2026Article
- Isolated Anti-HBc in People Living with HIV: A 20-Year Experience from Istanbul, Turkey.Current HIV research · 2026Article
- Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among individuals with active tuberculosis attending selected Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) clinics in Oyo State, Nigeria.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Immunosuppressive Treatments and Risk Factors Associated with Non-Response to Hepatitis B Vaccination: A Cohort Study.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors: Insights From a Cohort Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Does Tobacco Smoking Affect Vaccine-Induced Immune Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hepatitis B vaccination-induced immune response has been demonstrated to be associated with a number of factors, including age, sex, BMI, and the presence of comorbidities. Additionally, modifiable determinants such as smoking have been identified as influencing the response to vaccination. However, despite the evidence that smokers are at an increased risk of not responding to vaccination, the long-term effects of smoking on antibody persistence remain poorly understood. This study aims to assess the impact of smoking habits on long-term immunity following the primary vaccination cycle. Participants were required to have received a standard three-dose vaccine schedule in childhood, without subsequent doses, and to be between 18 and 24 years of age. Data on age, sex, BMI, age of administration of the first vaccine dose, and time between doses were collected. An antibody concentration < 10 IU/L was considered as non-protective. A total of 2133 individuals were included, 14.2% of whom were smokers. The mean age was 20.28 ± 0.92 years. The probability of having a non-protective antibody concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (AOR: 1.287; 95% CI: 1.002-1.652). The detrimental effects of smoking extend beyond the immediate effects on the vaccine response, also impairing the long-term immune response in individuals who received vaccinations during childhood.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.