ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Insights into Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Review of Checkpoint Receptor Expression.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- A randomized trial of viral vector and adjuvanted protein HBV therapeutic vaccine in people with chronic hepatitis B on nucleos(t)ide analogs.Hepatology communications · 2026Trial
- Therapeutic Vaccines for Chronic Viral Infections: From Immune Modulation to Clinical Translation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Breakthroughs in HBV-related HCC Therapy: The Unmatched Potential of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- Remodeling of Metabolic and Secretory Organelles During Oncogenic and Oncomodulatory Viral Infections.Viruses · 2026Review
- Mapping Current Research Status and Emerging Frontiers of T-Cell Exhaustion: A Comprehensive Data-Mining-Based Study.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as part of combination strategies toward functional cure of chronic hepatitis B.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- YKL-40 in Virus-Associated Liver Disease: A Translational Biomarker Linking Fibrosis, Hepatocarcinogenesis, and Liver Transplantation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Genomic medicine in hepatology: mechanisms and liver treatment strategies.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- From Management to Cure: The Shifting Paradigm in HIV and Chronic Viral Hepatitis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Immunohistochemical Profiling of Immune Checkpoints in Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Tissue.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Bilayer or Not: Revisiting the Structural Nature of HBV Subviral Particles.Journal of medical virology · 2025Review
- Update on the treatment navigation for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B: Expert consensus 2.0.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2025Review
- Association between Hepatitis B virus infection and COVID-19: outcomes from clinical analysis and online survey from Beijing, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Tumor-associated macrophages and CD8+ T cells: dual players in the pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatitis B, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), often progresses to chronic infection, leading to severe complications, such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic HBV infection is characterized by a complex interplay between the virus and the host immune system, resulting in immune cell exhaustion, a phenomenon commonly observed in chronic viral infections and cancer. This state of exhaustion involves elevated levels of inhibitory molecules, cells, and cell surface receptors, as opposed to stimulatory counterparts. This review aims to elucidate the expression patterns of various co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors on immune cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. By analyzing existing data, the review conducts comparisons between CHB patients and healthy adults, explores the differences between HBV-specific and total T cells in CHB patients, and examines variations between intrahepatic and peripheral immune cells in CHB patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying immune exhaustion in CHB is crucial for developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches. This detailed analysis sheds light on the immune exhaustion observed in CHB and lays the groundwork for future combined immunotherapy strategies aimed at leveraging checkpoint receptors to restore immune function and improve clinical outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.