ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Association among Household Wealth, Maternal Employment, and Undernutrition in Children under Three Years of Age in Pakistan.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Identifying the ideal deep learning algorithm to quantify the threshold effect of parental smoking on child nutritional status in South Asia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Modelling the impact of dietary diversity on child nutrition in Pakistan: a machine learning analysis with Shapley Additive exPlanations and Boruta interpretability.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Machine learning vs. traditional logistic regression: predictive performance and risk factor identification for child nutritional outcome in Pakistan.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Wealth and regional disparities in child undernutrition: insights from national demographic and health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The law of diminishing marginal returns in health insurance: evidence on child health outcomes from Pakistan's Sehat Sahulat program.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundThere is an abundance of studies explaining the separate impact of female employment and household wealth status in reducing malnutrition. However, our study has unraveled the combined impact of maternal employment and household wealth on undernutrition among children under three in Pakistan.
methodsUsing a sample of 1093 children under three years of age from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018, a binary logistic model was employed to gauge factors influencing the children's undernutrition.
resultsOur results indicated that children up to a certain age (three years old) with residence in certain regions (Pakistan) and recent episodes of diarrhea had an increased risk of undernutrition. Conversely, secondary and higher maternal education, access to improved water sources, and sanitation facilities lowered the chances of undernutrition in children under three in Pakistan. The interaction between maternal employment and household wealth showed that maternal employment significantly lowered the risk of stunting, being underweight, and wasting among the average, rich, and richest households; however, it did not contribute to child nutrition among the poorer and poor households. Notably, regardless of whether the mother was employed, the wealth status of being rich and richest reduced the risk of stunting, being underweight, and wasting.
conclusionsIn overcoming undernutrition, maternal employment significantly contributed to middle-income households. However, in the richer and richest households, the wealth status played a more crucial role compared to the maternal employment. This indicates that while employment plays a supportive role in household resources, the wealth status is overall more influential in reducing undernutrition.
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