Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39059384›Full record

ArticleCell metabolism2024

International consensus on fasting terminology.

Daniela A Koppold, Carolin Breinlinger, Etienne Hanslian, Christian Kessler, Holger Cramer, Anika Rajput Khokhar, Courtney M Peterson, Grant Tinsley, Claudio Vernieri, Richard J Bloomer and 34 more

Abstract readConsensus Statement
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell metabolism, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  13. Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Adaptation in Adults With Severe Obesity During Early Phase of Weight Loss.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2026
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  18. A Qualitative Exploration of Facilitators and Barriers to Early Time-Restricted Eating: Insights From a Randomised Controlled Trial.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025
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9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

44 authors.

Daniela A KoppoldInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Nature-Based Therapies, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Charité Competence Center for Traditional and Integrative Medicine (CCCTIM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: daniela.koppold@charite.de.
Carolin BreinlingerInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: carolin.breinlinger@charite.de.
Etienne HanslianInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
Christian KesslerInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Nature-Based Therapies, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
Holger CramerInstitute for General Practice and Interprofessional Care, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Robert Bosch Center for Integrative Medicine and Health, Bosch Health Campus, Stuttgart, Germany.
Anika Rajput KhokharInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Courtney M PetersonDepartment of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Grant TinsleyDepartment of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
Claudio VernieriMedical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
Richard J BloomerCollege of Health Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
Michael BoschmannExperimental & Clinical Research Center - A joint co-operation between Charité Universitätsmedizin und Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Clinical Research Unit, Berlin, Germany.
Nicola L BragazziDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Sebastian BrandhorstLongevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Kelsey GabelDepartment of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Alan C GoldhamerTrueNorth Health Foundation, Santa Rosa, CA 95404, USA; TrueNorth Health Center, Santa Rosa, CA 95404, USA.
Martin M GrajowerDivision of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
Michelle HarviePrevent Breast Cancer Research Unit, The Nightingale Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, England; Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, England.
Leonie HeilbronnAdelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Nutrition, Metabolism & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Benjamin D HorneIntermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Spyridon N KarrasLaboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Jost LanghorstDepartment for Internal and Integrative Medicine, Sozialstiftung Bamberg Hospital, Bamberg, Germany; Department for Integrative Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Bamberg, Germany.
Eva LischkaKlinik Buchinger Wilhelmi, Überlingen, Germany.
Frank MadeoBioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
Sarah J MitchellLudwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Ioannis-Eleemon Papagiannopoulos-VatopaidinosVatopaidi Monastery Hospital, 63086 Mount Athos, Greece.
Maria PapagiannopoulouMedical Office for Fasting Therapy, Danaedon 24A, Chalandri, 15232 Athens, Greece.
Hanno PijlDepartment of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Eric RavussinPennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Martha Ritzmann-WidderichPraxis für Ernährungsmedizin und Prävention in Rottweil, Hochbrücktorstraße 22, 78628 Rottweil, Germany.
Krista VaradyDepartment of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Lilian AdamidouDepartment of Dietetics and Nutrition, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Melika ChihaouiDepartment of Endocrinology, University Hospital La Rabta, Faculty of medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
Rafael de CaboExperimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Mohamed HassaneinDepartment of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Dubai Hospital, Dubai Academic Health Cooperation, United Arab Emirates.
Nader LessanThe Research Institute, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Valter LongoIFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy; Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Emily N C ManoogianRegulatory Biology Department, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Mark P MattsonDepartment of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
J Brent MuhlesteinThe Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA.
Satchidananda PandaRegulatory Biology Department, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Sousana K PapadopoulouDepartment of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Nikolaos E RodopaiosDepartment of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Iraklion, Greece.
Rainer StangeInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Nature-Based Therapies, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
Andreas MichalsenInstitute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Nature-Based Therapies, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, 14109 Berlin, Germany.

Funding

Pilot CoreP30AG022849 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO · PI Jun Ma · 2003 to 2026
$14.7M
UIC Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health ProgramK12HD101373 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO · PI BUHIMSCHI, IRINA A, MAKI, PAULINE M · 2020 to 2023
$2.9M
Austrian Science Fund FWF P 31727NIA NIH HHS P30 AG022849NICHD NIH HHS K12 HD101373
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although fasting is increasingly applied for disease prevention and treatment, consensus on terminology is lacking. Using Delphi methodology, an international, multidisciplinary panel of researchers and clinicians standardized definitions of various fasting approaches in humans. Five online surveys and a live online conference were conducted with 38 experts, 25 of whom completed all 5 surveys. Consensus was achieved for the following terms: "fasting" (voluntary abstinence from some or all foods or foods and beverages), "modified fasting" (restriction of energy intake to max. 25% of energy needs), "fluid-only fasting," "alternate-day fasting," "short-term fasting" (lasting 2-3 days), "prolonged fasting" (≥4 consecutive days), and "religious fasting." "Intermittent fasting" (repetitive fasting periods lasting ≤48 h), "time-restricted eating," and "fasting-mimicking diet" were discussed most. This study provides expert recommendations on fasting terminology for future research and clinical applications, facilitating communication and cross-referencing in the field.

Indexed as

FastingTerminology as TopicDelphi TechniqueHumansalternate-day fastingDelphi methoddry fastingfastingfasting-mimicking dietintermittent energy restrictionintermittent fastingperiodic fastingtherapeutic fastingtime-restricted eating

Identifiers

PMID39059384
PMCPMC11504329

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.