ArticleStem cell reports2024
Human microglia-derived proinflammatory cytokines facilitate human retinal ganglion cell development and regeneration.
Article in Stem cell reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dissecting microglial contributions to neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology using human pluripotent stem cells.Stem cell reports · 2026Review
- Disease modeling of myocilin mutation-dependent normal tension glaucoma: human retinal ganglion cell susceptibility to unfolded protein response and mTOR signaling.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2026Article
- SPAchips: Microparticles Used for the Selective In Vitro Labelling of Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Ouabain Counteracts Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Through Modulation of BDNF and IL-1 Signaling Pathways.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Damaging effect of ischemia on the development of retinal organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia (μG), the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, surveil the parenchyma to maintain the structural and functional homeostasis of neurons. Besides, they influence neurogenesis and synaptogenesis through complement-mediated phagocytosis. Emerging evidence suggests that μG may also influence development through proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we examined the premise that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the two most prominent components of the μG secretome, influence retinal development, specifically the morphological and functional differentiation of human retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs). Using controlled generation of hRGCs and human μG (hμG) from pluripotent stem cells, we demonstrate that TNF-α and IL-1β secreted by unchallenged hμG did not influence hRGC generation. However, their presence significantly facilitated neuritogenesis along with the basal function of hRGCs, which involved the recruitment of the AKT/mTOR pathway. We present ex vivo evidence that proinflammatory cytokines may play an important role in the morphological and physiological maturation of hRGCs, which may be recapitulated for regeneration.
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Registered trials
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