ReviewMetabolites2024
Effects of the Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Contraceptive Use on Metabolic Outcomes, Strength Performance, and Recovery: A Narrative Review.
Review in Metabolites, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Self-Report Health Screening Tools in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review of Domain Coverage, Validation, and Use Across Participation Levels.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of Hormonal Contraception and the Menstrual Cycle on Maximal Strength and Power Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2024Trial
- Mental Toughness and 2K Rowing Performance in Division II Female Collegiate Athletes: A Longitudinal Analysis Using Mixed-Effects Modeling.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influence of oestradiol on exercise induced muscular damage and heart rate variability in a non-trained healthy population.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Sex Hormones & Exercise in the Musculoskeletal System: From Signaling to Structure and Function.Endocrine reviews · 2026Article
- Fluid balance, kidney function, and acute kidney injury risk in healthy men and women during simulated work-related heat stress.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Proteomics to reveal relationship between menstrual cycle and subjective conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The effects of the menstrual cycle on physical and psychological parameters in female athletes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Injuries in Women's Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pelvic floor, hormones, and performance: trying to fill in the gap.Gynecology and pelvic medicine · 2026Article
- Optimizing Performance and Health: Nutrition Considerations for Female Athletes in Strength and Conditioning.Strength and conditioning journal · 2025Article
- Evolution of resistance training in women: History and mechanisms for health and performance.Sports medicine and health science · 2025Review
- The Relationship Between Contraceptive Use and Respiratory Function in Women: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The recovery process across the menstrual cycle in recreational female athletes: a prospective cohort study.Sport sciences for health · 2025Article
- The impact of menstrual cycle phase and symptoms on sleep, recovery, and stress in elite female basketball athletes: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Precision Nutrition for Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk during Menopause.Lifestyle genomics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The effects of female sex hormones on optimal performance have been increasingly recognized as an important consideration in exercise and sport science research. This narrative review explores the findings of studies evaluating the effects of menstrual cycle phase in eumenorrheic women and the use of hormonal contraception (oral contraceptives and hormonal intrauterine devices) on metabolism, muscular strength, and recovery in active females. Ovarian hormones are known to influence metabolism because estrogen is a master regulator of bioenergetics. Importantly, the menstrual cycle may impact protein synthesis, impacting skeletal muscle quality and strength. Studies investigating muscular strength in eumenorrheic women report equivocal findings between the follicular phase and luteal phase with no differences compared to oral contraceptive users. Studies examining recovery measures (using biomarkers, blood lactate, and blood flow) do not report clear or consistent effects of the impact of the menstrual cycle or hormonal contraception use on recovery. Overall, the current literature may be limited by the evaluation of only one menstrual cycle and the use of group means for statistical significance. Hence, to optimize training and performance in females, regardless of hormonal contraception use, there is a need for future research to quantify the intra-individual impact of the menstrual cycle phases and hormonal contraceptive use in active females.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.