High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes from Fully Biomass-Based Polybenzoxazine Aerogels with Porous Carbon Structure.

In recent years, polybenzoxazine aerogels have emerged as promising materials for various applications. However, their full potential has been hindered by the prevalent use of hazardous solvents during the preparation process, which poses significant environmental and safety concerns. In light of this, there is a pressing need to explore alternative methods that can mitigate these issues and propel the practical utilization of polybenzoxazine aerogels. To address this challenge, a novel approach involving the synthesis of heteroatom self-doped mesoporous carbon from polybenzoxazine has been devised. This process utilizes eugenol, stearyl amine, and formaldehyde to create the polybenzoxazine precursor, which is subsequently treated with ethanol as a safer solvent. Notably, the incorporation of boric acid in this method serves a dual purpose: it not only facilitates microstructural regulation but also reinforces the backbone strength of the material through the formation of intermolecular bridged structures between polybenzoxazine chains. Moreover, this approach allows ambient pressure drying, further enhancing its practicability and environmental friendliness. The resultant carbon materials, designated as ESC-N and ESC-G, exhibit distinct characteristics. ESC-N, derived from calcination, possesses a surface area of 289 m