Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39054682›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association2024

Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) Is Also Relevant for Computer, Smartphone, and Tablet Use by Adults: Introducing the Brief Box Clicking Test.

Raymond Hernandez, Margaret Gatz, Stefan Schneider, Deborah Finkel, Jill E Darling, Bart Orriens, Ying Liu, Arie Kapteyn

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Article in The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Raymond HernandezRaymond Hernandez, PhD, OTR/L, is Research Associate, Center for Self-Report Science, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; hern939@usc.edu.
Margaret GatzMargaret Gatz, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Clinical Research in Aging and Psychology, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research; Professor, Department of Psychology; and Professor, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Stefan SchneiderStefan Schneider, PhD, is Senior Research Scientist, Center for Self-Report Science, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research; Professor, Department of Psychology; and Professor, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Deborah FinkelDeborah Finkel, PhD, is Research Scientist, The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and Professor, Institute for Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
Jill E DarlingJill E. Darling, MSHS, is Understanding America Study Survey Director, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Bart OrriensBart Orriens, PhD, is Managing IT Director, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Ying LiuYing Liu, PhD, is Research Scientist, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Arie KapteynArie Kapteyn, PhD, is Director, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

importanceVisual-motor integration (VMI) is typically examined in children to promote handwriting, but it may also be relevant for adults' capacity for technology use.

objectiveTo examine the reliability and validity of speed of completion of the box clicking test, a web-based test of VMI.

designParticipants in the Understanding America Study completed online surveys on a regular basis, including a very brief (less than 30 s) self-administered box clicking test. For validity testing, we examined whether box clicking speed was associated with constructs relevant to visual-perceptual skills and motor coordination, the skills underlying VMI. Test-retest reliability was examined by computation of intraclass correlation coefficients.

participantsA total of 11,114 adults. MEASURES: Measures included the completion time for the box clicking task and measures relevant to visual perception (e.g., perceptual speed) and motor coordination (e.g., self-reported functional limitation).

resultsResults suggested that the box clicking test was a VMI task. Slower test performance was associated with lower visual-perceptual speed and a greater likelihood of reporting difficulties with dressing, a motor coordination relevant task. Box clicking tests taken within at least 2 yr of one another had moderate test-retest stability, but future studies are needed to examine test-retest reliabilities over brief (e.g., 2-wk) time intervals. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The box clicking test may serve both as a tool for research and to clinically observe whether clients have VMI difficulties that interfere with computer, smartphone, or tablet use. Plain-Language Summary: Use of devices such as smartphones and computers is increasingly becoming integral for daily functioning. Visual-motor integration (VMI) has often been addressed by occupational therapists to support handwriting of children, but it may also be important for technology use by adults. Prior literature supports the relevance of VMI to technology use, and adults with various chronic conditions have been found to have decrements in VMI. We tested the psychometric properties of a brief box clicking test of VMI that could be used to examine VMI underlying technology use among adults. Overall, results suggested that the box clicking test was a VMI task. Just as speed of gait has been used as an index of functional mobility, speed on the box clicking task seemed serviceable as an index of VMI ability. The box clicking test may also be used for clinical observation of whether VMI interferes with technology use.

Indexed as

Psychomotor PerformanceVisual PerceptionAdolescentAdultAgedComputers, HandheldFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMotor SkillsReproducibility of ResultsSmartphoneYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID39054682
PMCPMC12309844

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.