Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39053905›Full record

ArticleChemical research in toxicology2024

Determination of Nicotine Protonation State in E-Liquids by Low-Resolution Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy.

Arnout P T Hartendorp, Imane Ahlal, Wouter F Visser, Ernesto P Baloe, Daan G W Lensen, Max J van Alphen, Hetty Nagtegaal, Wilbert de Ruijter, Walther N M Klerx, Reinskje Talhout

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Article in Chemical research in toxicology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Arnout P T HartendorpCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6165-8621
Imane AhlalCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Wouter F VisserCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1129-262X
Ernesto P BaloeCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Daan G W LensenCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Max J van AlphenCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Hetty NagtegaalCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Wilbert de RuijterCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Walther N M KlerxCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Reinskje TalhoutCentre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Over several years, e-liquids with "nicotine salts" have gained considerable popularity. These e-liquids have a low pH, at which nicotine occurs mostly in its monoprotonated form. Manufacturers usually accomplish this by the addition of an organic acid, such as levulinic acid, benzoic acid, or lactic acid. Nicotine in its protonated form can be more easily inhaled, enhancing the addictiveness and attractiveness of products. Several techniques have been described for measuring the protonation state of nicotine in e-liquids. However, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is particularly suited for this purpose because it can be performed on unaltered e-liquids. In this article, we demonstrate the suitability of a benchtop NMR (60 MHz) instrument for determining the protonation state of nicotine in e-liquids. The method is subsequently applied to measure the protonation state of 33 commercially available e-liquids and to investigate whether the vaping process alters the protonation state of nicotine. For this purpose, the protonation state in the condensed aerosol obtained by automated vaping of different e-liquids was compared with that of the original e-liquids. Two distinct populations were observed in the protonation state of nicotine in commercial e-liquids: free-base (fraction of free-base nicotine α

Indexed as

Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyNicotineProtonsNicotineProtons

Identifiers

PMID39053905
PMCPMC11337208

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