ReviewHistology and histopathology2024
Brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction associate with and contribute to the development of enlarged perivascular spaces and cerebral small vessel disease.
Review in Histology and histopathology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Correlation between perivascular spaces and clinical features in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- The integrity of perivascular spaces is absolutely essential for proper function of the glymphatic system waste and excess water removal from the brain.Histology and histopathology · 2025Review
- Review
- Interplay Between Vascular Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Pathology: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Management.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Cognitive Brain Networks and Enlarged Perivascular Spaces: Implications for Symptom Severity and Support Needs in Children with Autism.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Enlarged perivascular spaces under the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and severity of autism.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Review
- Sodium Thiosulfate: An Innovative Multi-Target Repurposed Treatment Strategy for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple injurious stimuli to the brain's endothelium results in brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction (BECact/dys) with upregulation of inflammatory signaling cascades and a decrease in bioavailable nitric oxide respectively. These injurious stimuli initiate a brain injury and a response to injury wound healing genetically programed cascade of events, which result in cellular remodeling of the neurovascular unit and blood-brain barrier with increased inflammation and permeability. These remodeling changes also include the perivascular spaces that become dilated to form enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) that may be identified noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging. These EPVS are associated with and considered to be a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and a dysfunctional glymphatic system with impaired removal of neurotoxic waste, which ultimately results in neurodegeneration with impaired cognition and dementia. The penultimate section discusses the understudied role of venous cerebral circulation in relation to EPVS, SVD, and the vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCID). The focus of this review will be primarily on BEC
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.