Origin and maintenance of large ribosomal RNA gene repeat size in mammals.

The genes encoding ribosomal RNA are highly conserved across life and in almost all eukaryotes are present in large tandem repeat arrays called the rDNA. rDNA repeat unit size is conserved across most eukaryotes but has expanded dramatically in mammals, principally through the expansion of the intergenic spacer region that separates adjacent rRNA coding regions. Here, we used long-read sequence data from representatives of the major amniote lineages to determine where in amniote evolution rDNA unit size increased. We find that amniote rDNA unit sizes fall into two narrow size classes: "normal" (∼11-20 kb) in all amniotes except monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian mammals, which have "large" (∼35-45 kb) sizes. We confirm that increases in intergenic spacer length explain much of this mammalian size increase. However, in stark contrast to the uniformity of mammalian rDNA unit size, mammalian intergenic spacers differ greatly in sequence. These results suggest a large increase in intergenic spacer size occurred in a mammalian ancestor and has been maintained despite substantial sequence changes over the course of mammalian evolution. This points to a previously unrecognized constraint on the length of the intergenic spacer, a region that was thought to be largely neutral. We finish by speculating on possible causes of this constraint.