ArticleScientific reports2024
A non-toxic equinatoxin-II reveals the dynamics and distribution of sphingomyelin in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Research Progress on Mechanisms of Milk-Derived Functional Components in Regulating Bone Health and the Gut-Bone Axis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Sorting of lysosomal enzyme and autophagy are regulated by the GGA1-induced TGN lipid scrambling.Science advances · 2026Article
- Cis glycan-glycan interactions organize membrane nanodomains that tune receptor signaling.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Highly branched complex-type N-glycans on integrin β1 in extracellular vesicles enhance the binding of sEVs to laminin on recipient cells.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Equinatoxin II: How a Cationic Pore-Forming Sea Anemone Toxin Drives Nodal Swelling of Myelinated Nerve Fibers.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Through the holes: the biotechnological potential of actinoporins (and other PFPs).Biophysical reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Single-molecule imaging quantifies oncogenic KRAS dynamics for enhanced accuracy of therapeutic efficacy assessment.iScience · 2025Article
- Reelin Increases the Sphingomyelin Content of the Plasma Membrane and Affects the Surface Expression of GPI-Anchored Proteins in Hippocampal Neurons.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- The bacterial type three secretion system induces mechanoporation of vacuolar membranes.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Uptake of small extracellular vesicles by recipient cells is facilitated by paracrine adhesion signaling.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major sphingolipid in mammalian cells. SM is enriched in the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM). Besides this localization, recent electron microscopic and biochemical studies suggest the presence of SM in the cytosolic leaflet of the PM. In the present study, we generated a non-toxic SM-binding variant (NT-EqtII) based on equinatoxin-II (EqtII) from the sea anemone Actinia equina, and examined the dynamics of SM in the cytosolic leaflet of living cell PMs. NT-EqtII with two point mutations (Leu26Ala and Pro81Ala) had essentially the same specificity and affinity to SM as wild-type EqtII. NT-EqtII expressed in the cytosol was recruited to the PM in various cell lines. Super-resolution microscopic observation revealed that NT-EqtII formed tiny domains that were significantly colocalized with cholesterol and N-terminal Lyn. Meanwhile, single molecule observation at high resolutions down to 1 ms revealed that all the examined lipid probes including NT-EqtII underwent apparent fast simple Brownian diffusion, exhibiting that SM and other lipids in the cytosolic leaflet rapidly moved in and out of domains. Thus, the novel SM-binding probe demonstrated the presence of the raft-like domain in the cytosolic leaflet of living cell PMs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.