ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2024
Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance in Rhode Island, USA, 2004-2021.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence of acquired resistance to HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in clinical samples from treatment-experienced patients in Chile, 2012-2023.Journal of virus eradication · 2025Article
- Newly Diagnosed Individuals in Molecular HIV-1 Clusters in Rhode Island Over 3 Decades.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Treatment of Advanced HIV in the Modern Era.Drugs · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquired drug resistance (ADR) compromises antiretroviral therapy (ART).
methodsWe aggregated all HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase-integrase sequences over 2004-2021 at the largest HIV center in Rhode Island and evaluated ADR extent, trends, and impact using Stanford Database tools. Trends were measured with Mann-Kendall statistic, and multivariable regressions evaluated resistance predictors.
resultsSequences were available for 914 ART-experienced persons. Overall ADR to any drug decreased from 77% to 49% (-0.66 Mann-Kendall statistic); nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 65% to 32%, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 53% to 43%, and protease inhibitors 28% to 7% (2004-2021), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors 16% to 13% (2017-2021). Multiclass resistance decreased from 44% to 12% (2-class) and 12% to 6% (3-class). In 2021, 94% had at least one 3-drug or 2-drug one-pill-once-daily (OPOD) option. Males and those exposed to more ART regimens were more likely to have ≥2-class resistance, and higher regimen exposure was also associated with fewer OPOD options.
conclusionsComprehensive analyses within a densely-sampled HIV epidemic over 2004-2021 demonstrated decreasing ADR. Continued ADR monitoring is important to maintain ART success, particularly with rising INSTI use in all lines of therapy and 2-drug and long-acting formulations.
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