ArticleImmunity, inflammation and disease2024
Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio.
Article in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection history on the clinical features and outcomes of patients with recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis: a retrospective case-control study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- PD-L2 deficiency in Alveolar macrophages drives fibrosis, apoptosis, and ferroptosis via M1 polarization in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Imbalanced immune cell network and suboptimal cell activation: signatures associated with disease severity in vaccine-naïve COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Scars from the pandemic: understanding post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2025Review
- Comparative Analysis of Submaximal and Maximal Effort Capacities in Patients Post-COVID-19 and Individuals with Chronic Restrictive Lung Diseases.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Observational
- Article
- Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPersistent respiratory symptoms and lung abnormalities post-COVID-19 are public health problems. This study evaluated biomarkers to stratify high-risk patients to the development or persistence of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease.
methodsOne hundred eighteen patients discharged with residual lung abnormalities compatible with interstitial lung disease (COVID-ILD patients) after a severe COVID-19 were followed for 1 year (post-COVID-ILD patients). Physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed. Soluble forms (s) of PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3, and GAL-9 were evaluated in serum and cell culture supernatant, as well as T-cells subsets and the transmembrane expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the cell surface.
resultsEighty percent of the post-COVID-ILD patients normalized their lung function at 1-year follow-up, 8% presented COVID-independent ILD, and 12% still showed functional and HRCT alterations. PD-L2 levels were heterogeneous during acute COVID-19 (aCOVID); patients who increased (at least 30%) their sPD-L2 levels at 1 year post-COVID-19 and exhibited altered CD4/CD8 ratio showed persistence of chest tomographic and functional alterations. By contrast, patients who decreased sPD-L2 displayed a complete lung recovery. sPD-L1, sTIM-3, and sGAL-9 increased significantly during aCOVID and decreased in all patients after 1-year follow-up.
conclusionIncreased sPD-L2 and an altered CD4/CD8 ratio after 12 months of aCOVID are associated with the persistence of lung lesions, suggesting that they may contribute to lung damage post-COVID-19.
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