ArticleJournal of the International AIDS Society2024
Mental health and cognition in relation to adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV in Kazakhstan: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors Associated with ART Adherence and Sustained Viral Suppression Among US Young Adults with HIV, 2015-2022.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Virological Non-Suppression Among People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Kazakhstan: A National Registry-Based Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Associations Between Microaggressions, Discrimination, and Brain Health Among Black Women Living with HIV.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Exploring psychological symptom associations among people living with HIV using an apriori algorithm.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Mental Health Status and Healthcare Utilization Inequity Among People Living With HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Inverse Probability Treatment Weighting.Depression and anxiety · 2026Article
- Examination of factors associated with mental health of people living with HIV in Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study based on the two-continua model.HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Studies on cognitive performance among older people living with HIV in eastern Europe and central Asia: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The HIV epidemic in eastern Europe and central Asia in difficult times: a story of resilience and change.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareArticle
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12 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThere is a research gap in how mental health and cognition are associated with antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Kazakhstan.
methodsWe randomly selected and enrolled 230 PLWH from the Almaty City AIDS Center registry (June-November 2019) into a cross-sectional study. We examined associations between self-reported ART adherence for the last 1 and 2 weeks; the Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) and symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder tool [GAD-7]), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Checklist [PTSD]); cognitive function (PROMIS v2.0 Adult Cognitive Function 8a short form) and forgetfulness (Forgetfulness Assessment Inventory). We used cut points of ≥5 for at least mild and ≥10 for at least moderate symptom severity for PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and of ≥44 for PTSD. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used.
resultsParticipants' median age was 40.0 (IQR: 34-47) with 40.9% (n = 94) of females in the sample. Those who missed at least one pill for the last 2 weeks had higher odds of reporting at least mild depression (aOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.22-9.11, p < 0.05); mild anxiety (aOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.20-8.92, p < 0.05); and PTSD (aOR = 4.04, 95% CI: 1.15-14.21, p < 0.05) symptoms. Participants who missed at least one pill for the last week had higher odds of at least mild depression (aOR = 7.74, 95% CI: 1.31-45.7, p < 0.05), moderate anxiety (aOR = 21.33, 95% CI: 3.24-140.33, p < 0.005) and PTSD (aOR = 13.81, 95% CI: 2.36-80.84, p < 0.005) symptoms. Participants with better cognitive function had lower odds of non-adherence over the last week (aOR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.96, p < 0.005) and higher ASES scores (β = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.13-0.40, p < 0.005). Poor memory was associated with higher odds of non-adherence over the last week (aOR = 4.64, 95% CI: 1.76-12.24, p < 0.005) and lower ASES score (β = -0.31, 95% CI: -0.45 to 0.16, p < 0.005). Those who had at least mild depression (β = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.07, p < 0.005); moderate anxiety (β = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.34 to -0.07, p < 0.005) and PTSD (β = -0.19, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.05, p < 0.005) symptoms had lower ASES scores.
conclusionsDepression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms, poorer cognition, and forgetfulness were associated with poorer ART adherence and worse adherence self-efficacy. It is crucial to assess and treat mental illness and provide support for PLWH with worsened cognition to enhance ART adherence.
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