Introducing ARTiMiS: A Low-Cost Flow Imaging Microscope for Microalgal Monitoring.

Manual microscopy is the gold standard for phytoplankton monitoring in diverse engineered and natural environments. However, it is both labor-intensive and requires specialized training for accuracy and consistency, and therefore difficult to implement on a routine basis without significant time investment. Automation can reduce this burden by simplifying the measurement to a single indicator (e.g., chlorophyll fluorescence) measurable by a probe, or by processing samples on an automated cytometer for more granular information. The cost of commercially available flow imaging cytometers, however, poses a steep financial barrier to adoption. To overcome these labor and cost barriers, we developed ARTiMiS: the Autonomous Real-Time Microbial 'Scope. The ARTiMiS is a low-cost flow imaging microscopy-based platform with onboard software capable of providing taxonomically resolved quantitation of phytoplankton communities in real-time. ARTiMiS leverages novel multimodal imaging and onboard machine learning-based data processing that is currently optimized for a curated and expandable database of industrially relevant microalgae. We demonstrate its operational limits, performance in identification of laboratory-cultivated microalgae, and potential for continuous monitoring of complex microalgal communities in full-scale industrial cultivation systems.