Fabrication, characterization and evaluating properties of 3D printed PLA-Mn scaffolds.

Polylactic acid (PLA) based scaffolds have attained considerable attention in recent years for being used as biodegradable implants in bone tissue engineering (BTE), owing to their suitable biocompatibility and processability. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties, bioactivity and biodegradation rate of PLA need to be improved for practical application. In this investigation, PLA-xMn composite filaments (x = 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%) were fabricated, characterized, and used for 3D printing of scaffolds by the fused deposition modeling process. The effect of Mn addition on the thermal, physical, mechanical, and structural properties, as well as the degradability and cell viability of 3D printed scaffolds were investigated in details. The obtained results indicate that the PLA-Mn composite filaments exhibit higher chain mobility and melt flow index values, with lower cold crystallization temperature and a higher degree of crystallinity. This higher flowability led to lower dimensional accuracy of 3D printed scaffolds, but resulted in higher interlayer adhesion. It was found that the mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were remarkably enhanced with the addition of Mn particles. The incorporation of Mn particles also caused higher surface roughness and hydrophilicity, a superior biodegradation rate of the scaffolds as well as better biocompatibility, indicating a promising candidate for (BTE) applications.