ArticlePloS one2024
Exploration of weekly variation in naloxone possession and carriage among people who use opioids in New York City before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Correlates of Rural Naloxone Possession Among People Who Use Drugs: A Multi-State Cross-Sectional Analysis.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
- Syringe service program utilization, behavioral, and experiential factors associated with greater naloxone protection in a longitudinal cohort of people who use illicit opioids in New York city.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Syringe Service Program Utilization, Behavioral, and Experiential Factors Associated with Greater Naloxone Protection in a Longitudinal Cohort of People Who Use Illicit Opioids in New York City.Research square · 2025Article
- Having naloxone when you need it: Factors associated with owning and carrying naloxone among people who use opioids.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- A mixed methods study to inform fatal overdose prevention in San Diego, California: Perspectives from people who use drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Digital transformation of the harm reduction sector-"Here4UScotland" a case study of a virtual supervised consumption.Digital healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNaloxone is critical for reversing opioid-related overdoses. However, there is a dearth of research examining how naloxone possession and carriage are impacted by time-varying individual and social determinants, and if this differed during the height of the COVID-related mitigation measures (e.g., shutdowns).
methodsWe utilized weekly ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to measure factors associated with naloxone possession and carriage among 40 people who use illicit opioids in New York City, for 24 months. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the frequency of weeks with consistent naloxone possession and carriage. Mixed effects binary and multivariable logistic regression was used to test for the impact of time-varying EMA- and baseline-level factors on each outcome.
resultsApproximately 70% of weekly EMAs were associated with consistent naloxone possession or carriage. In multivariable models, compared to during the height of the COVID-related shutdowns (March 12, 2020-May 19, 2021), the time before was associated with lower odds of consistent possession (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.05, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.01-0.15) and consistent carriage (OR = 0.06, CI = 0.01-0.25). Additionally, being female (OR = 11.15, CI = 2.85-43.42), being White versus being Black or Hispanic/Latinx (OR = 8.05, CI = 1.96-33.06), and lifetime overdose (OR = 1.96, CI = 1.16-19.80) were associated with higher odds of consistent possession. Recent opioid injection (OR = 3.66, CI = 1.34-9.94), being female (OR = 7.91, CI = 3.91-8.23), and being White (OR = 5.77, CI = 1.35-24.55) were associated with higher odds of consistent carriage. Not wanting to be perceived as a drug user was reported in nearly one third (29.0%; 190/656) of EMAs where inconsistent possession was reported.
conclusionsOur findings paint a relatively positive picture of possession and carriage during COVID-related shutdowns, particularly among white and female participants, and highlight the importance of capturing time-varying factors to understand naloxone-related behavior. To curb growing disparities, outreach to equip Black and Hispanic/Latinx people with naloxone is needed as well as interventions to reduce stigma as a barrier to naloxone engagement.
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